Time-Integrative Geographic Information Systems: Management and Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Data

305 Pages·2001·9.824 MB·English

by  Dr. Thomas Ott, Dipl. Geogr. Frank Swiaczny (auth.)

Thomas Ott . Frank Swiaczny
Time-Integrative Geographic Information Systems
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Thomas Ott . Frank Swiaczny
Time-Integrative
Geographic Information Systems
Management and Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Data
With 99 Figures
, Springer
Dr. Thomas Ott
Dipl. Geogr. Frank Swiaczny
University of Mannheim
Department of Geography
L9, 1-2
68131 Mannheim
Germany
Additional material to this book can be downloaded rrom http://extras.springer.com
ISBN 978-3-642-62487-2
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Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Ott, Thomas: Time-Integrative Geographic Information Systems: Management and Analysis of Spatio
Temporal Data / Thomas Olt, Frank Swiaczny. - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Hong Kong;
London; Milan; Paris; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 200!
ISBN 978-3-642-62487-2 ISBN 978-3-642-56747-6 (eBoak)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-56747-6
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 200 I
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1s t edition 2001
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Preface
This book is the provisional result ofmore than 10years ofcontinued discussion
with friends and colleagues from neighbouring disciplines. Although only a small
minority ofthe millions ofGIS users onthis planet are geographers, it seems that
somehow,geographers are akind ofnatural contact persons forhistorians, archae
ologists, economists, social scientists or others who are looking for appropriate
waysofworkingwithspatial data.
Wereceived constant encouragements andmany valuable suggestions from our
colleagues.Particularly we wishto thank themembers ofthe GIS Study Group of
the German Association ofGeography (AK GIS) as well as the participants of a
workshop in June 2000 on "Mapping Europe's historic boundaries and borders"
which wasgenerously sponsored bythe European Science Foundation. Amongthe
individuals we owe special appreciation are Humphrey Southall and Ian Gregory
(The Great Britain HistoricalGIS Programme, UniversityofPortsmouth), Michael
Goerke (European University Institute, Florence), Konrad Pierau (Center for His
torical Social Research, University ofCologne), Bernhard Holfter (Forderverein
Historische Grundkarte, Leipzig) and Stephan Riediger (Department ofHistory,
UniversityofMannheim).
A considerable portion of work and insight was provided by Frank Hellwig
who open-handedly shared the ideas ofhisdissertation.Furthermore weowegrati
tude to our superiors Christoph Jentsch and Paul Gans which accompanied our
work with a perfect mixture of autonomy and attention. Our list would not be
complete ifwedid not thank Mareike Ott for her always accurate and expeditious
collaboration. Finally, we thank our wives Barbel and Renate for putting up with
ourerraticbutintensivework pattern duringtheproject.
Several illustrations in this book are loosely based on the work ofothers; we
rely on source citations within the figure captions as our acknowledgement. We
also point outthat some figures have appeared inearlier publications aswell as in
ourprinted classroom materials.
Throughout this book we refer to several commercial products. Our mention
does neither constitute an endorsement nor a refutation; we rather refer to these
brand names as illustrations and examples for different approaches or concepts.
Even though some details mentioned may be outdated soon, we offer these exam
ples inorder to assistthe transfer ofthetheoretical concepts tothepractical world.
We share the beliefthat the ongoing progress made by software developers all
overtheworldisoneofthe excitingaspects ofGIStechnology.
This book is designed to provide general information on temporal Geographic
Information Systems. We tried to make every effort to make this book complete,
and asaccurate aspossible.Whilethe assistance fromallthe sources helped create
this book, none ofthem hold anyresponsibility for the shortcomings and errors it
VI Preface
may still contain. Not being native speakers, lapses in the language are,however,
another item. It was the decision ofthe publisherto make this book available to a
wider readership. We seriously hope that neither you, the gentle reader, nor the
people atSpringerhaveto regret this decision.
To keep this book up-to-date we maintain a special website athttp://www.time
gis.de. Please feel invited to visit the site and share your thoughts and comments
onthe book withusand others interested intime-integrativeGIS.
Mannheim,August2000
Thomas Ott
Frank Swiaczny
Contents
Listof abbreviations
Listoffigures
List of tables
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Therelationship ofspace andtime 1
1.2 Targets andcontents ofthebook 5
1.2.1 Whatthis book isabout 6
1.2.2 Whatthis book isnotabout 7
1.2.3 Howtousethisbook 8
1.2.4 Structure andorganization ofthebook 8
1.3 Further Reading 9
1.3.1 Introductions inGISandreference books 9
1.3.2 Datacapturing, datamanagement,databasetechnology
anddatastorage 10
1.3.3 Landsurvey, cadastre, remotesensingandGPS 11
1.3.4 Mapprojections andreference systems 11
1.3.5 Datamodels, topology andspatialqueries 11
1.3.6 Spatialstatistics, spatialanalysisandspatialmodelling 12
1.3.7 Datawarehousinganddecisionsupport systems 12
1.3.8 Visualisation techniques,cartography and Web-GIS 13
1.3.9 GISproject management andapplications ofGIS 13
1.3.10 Manuals and programming languagehandbooks 15
1.3.11 Philosophical, social,political andlegalaspectsofGIS 16
2 Conceptualising realworld entities inspatio-temporal GIS 17
2.1 Thegeographer'sperspective onspaceandtime 17
2.2 Modellingthereal worldinGeographic Information Systems 21
2.2.1 Stepsinbuilding aGIS 22
2.2.2 Stagesofabstraction inmodelling aGIS 25
2.2.3 Conceptualisingtherealworld inGIS 27
VIII Table ofcontents
2.2.4 Geo-coding 30
2.2.5 Geo-referencing 32
2.3 TherepresentationofspaceinGIS 35
2.3.1 Vectordatamodels 35
2.3.2 Rasterdatamodels 44
2.4 IntegrationofexternalmodelsinGeographicInformationSystems 45
2.4.1 Thedasymetricmappingproblem 47
2.4.2 Themodifiablearealunitproblem 48
2.4.3 Theclosednumbersetproblem 51
2.4.4 Theecologicalfallacyproblem 52
2.5 Spatio-temporaldimensionsinGIS 53
3 Integratingtime inGeographic Information Systems 55
3.1 Differenttypesoftime 57
3.2 ConceptualisingtimeinGIS 61
3.2.1 Snapshots 62
3.2.2 Timeslices 63
3.2.3 Topologyoftime 63
3.2.4 Space-timecomposite 64
3.2.5 Theamendmentvectormethod 66
3.2.6 ER-modelsoftemporalobjects 67
3.2.7 Spatio-temporalobjectmodel., 69
3.3 Eventanddatabasetime 69
3.4 Versionmanagement 71
3.5 Typesoftemporaldatabases 73
4 Implementationoftime inGIS 77
4.1 Implementationproblems 77
4.2 Projectdesign 79
4.2.1 Topdownapproach 81
4.2.2 Bottomupapproach 82
4.2.3 Acquiringthetechnology 85
4.3 Implementationconstraints 86
4.3.1 Datasources 87
4.4 Spatio-temporalGISapproaches 105
4.4.1 Temporalpointmaps 107
4.4.2 Gazetteermethod III
4.4.3 Rastercellspatio-temporalGIS 113
4.4.4 Pastinpresentsnapshots 116
4.4.5 Timeslicesoverlaymethod 118
4.4.6 Leastcommongeometriesmethod 120
4.4.7 Pseudo-objectGIS 126
Table ofcontents IX
5 Processing andanalysis oftemporal data inside a GIS 127
5.1 CommonGISanalysisfunctions 127
5.2 Spatialandthematic queries 131
5.2.1 Spatialqueries 131
5.2.2 Thematic queries 131
5.2.3 Statistical analysis 133
5.2.4 Overlayandsplit 133
5.2.5 Geometric-topological operations 134
5.2.6 Interpolation 135
5.2.7 Network functions 137
5.3 Temporal queries 137
5.4 Process analysisandsimulation 140
6 The visualization ofspatio-temporal processes 143
6.1 Basicconcepts ofspatio-temporal visualisation 143
6.2 Displayingtimeonamap 145
6.3 Multidimensional GIS 148
6.4 GISandMultimedia 148
7 Examples 151
7.1 Buildingahistorical GIS 151
7.2 Studyinghistoricaltransportnetworks 155
7.3 Exploringcultural landscapechange 156
7.4 Workingwithcadastres 160
7.5 Predicting wildfires 161
7.6 Mappingurban growth 161
7.7 Reconstructing archaeological excavations 163
7.8 Miningforbusiness data 165
8 Conclusion 167
8.1 Summary 167
8.2 Outlook 168
9 Appendix 171
9.1 Researchbibliography 171
9.2 Internet links 223
9.3 CD-ROMwithexamples/codefromthebook 231
Index 233
List of abbreviations
ACSM American Congress ofSurveying and Mapping
AGI Associationforgeographic Information
DB Data Base
DBMS Data BaseManagementSystem
ER Entity-Relationship
GIS Geographic Information System
IGU InternationalGeographicalUnion
LCG Least Common Geometry
NCGIA National Center forGeographicInformationandAnalysis
OLE ObjectLinking andEmbedding
00 Object Oriented
OODBMS ObjectOriented Data Base ManagementSystem
RDBMS Relational Database Management System
SQL Structured QueryLanguange
TSQL Temporal SQL