Routledge Studies in Human Geography TIME GEOGRAPHY IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT AN ANTHOLOGY Edited by Kajsa Ellegård Time Geography in the Global Context Time-geography is a mode of thinking that helps us understand change processes in society, the wider context and the ecological consequences of human actions. This book brings together international time-geographic research from a range of disciplines. Swedish geographer Torsten Hägerstrand is a key foundation for this book, and an introductory biography charts the influences that led to the formation of his theories. A central theme across time-geography research is recognizing time and space as unity. Contributions from the Netherlands, the USA, Japan, China, Norway and Sweden showcase the diverse palette of time-geography research. Chapters study societies adjusting to rapid urbanization, or investigate the need for structural changes in childcare organization. The book also delves into green transportation and the interplay between humans and nature in landscape trans- formation. Applicational chapters look at ICT effects on young people’s daily life and methods for engaging clients in treatment practice. This book situates the outlook for this developing branch of research and the application of time-geography to societal and academic contexts. Its interdisci- plinary nature will appeal to postgraduates and researchers who are interested in human geography, urban and regional planning and sociology. Kajsa Ellegård is Professor in Technology and Social Change, Linköping University, Sweden. Routledge Studies in Human Geography This series provides a forum for innovative, vibrant, and critical debate within human geography. Titles will reflect the wealth of research which is taking place in this diverse and ever-expanding field. Contributions will be drawn from the main sub-disciplines and from innovative areas of work which have no particular sub-disciplinary allegiances. New Geographies of the Globalized World Edited by Marcin Wojciech Solarz Creative Placemaking Research, Theory and Practice Edited by Cara Courage and Anita McKeown Living with the Sea Knowledge, Awareness and Action Edited by Mike Brown and Kimberley Peters Time Geography in the Global Context An Anthology Edited by Kajsa Ellegård Space, Grief and Bereavement Consolationscapes Edited by Christoph Jedan, Avril Maddrell and Eric Venbrux The Crisis of Global Youth Unemployment Edited by Tamar Mayer, Sujata Moorti and Jamie K. McCallum Thinking Time Geography Concepts, Methods and Applications Kajsa Ellegård For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Studies-in-Human-Geography/book-series/SE0514 Time Geography in the Global Context An Anthology Edited by Kajsa Ellegård First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 2019 selection and editorial matter, Kajsa Ellegård, individual chapters, the contributors The right of Kajsa Ellegård to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis. com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-138-57378-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-70139-3 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK Contents List of figures vii List of tables ix List of contributors x 1 Introduction: The roots and diffusion of time-geography 1 KAJSA ELLEGÅRD 2 Time-geography in Japan: Its application to urban life 19 KOHEI OKAMOTO AND YOSHIO ARAI 3 The time-geographic approach in research on urban China’s transition 41 YANWEI CHAI, YAN ZHANG AND YIMING TAN 4 Green, healthy time-geography: Using time-geographic concepts for sustainable mobility research 75 HARVEY J. MILLER, YING SONG AND CALVIN P. TRIBBY 5 Bringing the background to the fore: Time-geography and the study of mobile ICTs in everyday life 96 EVA THULIN AND BERTIL VILHELMSON 6 A relational interpretation of time-geography 113 MARTIN DIJST 7 The time-geographic diary method in studies of everyday life 135 EVA MAGNUS vi Contents 8 What about landscape in time-geography? The role of the landscape concept in Torsten Hägerstrand’s thinking 155 TOMAS GERMUNDSSON AND CARL-JOHAN SANGLERT Index 176 Figures 1.1 Time, with its past, now and future 6 2.1 Teruo Ishimizu (1932–2005) 19 2.2 Extension of densely inhabited districts (DIDs) from 1960 to 2000 in the Tokyo metropolitan area 22 2.3 Schedules for orders and deliveries for a convenience store chain 24 2.4 Daily paths of (a) husbands and (b) wives living in Nisshin, a Nagoya suburb 25 2.5 Spatial distribution of workplaces for husbands and wives living in Kawagoe, a suburb of Tokyo 26 2.6 Female employment rate by age-group in 1985 and 2016 (whole of Japan) 28 2.7 Spatial distribution of workplaces for husbands and wives living in three Chinese cities 31 2.8 Daily paths for parents and children living in a metropolitan suburb 35 3.1 The daily paths of a husband and wife from the same household living in different contexts of Lanzhou and Hiroshima city on a weekday 51 3.2 The daily paths of husband, wife, and child of the same household living in a large danwei (left) and a small danwei (right) 52 3.3 The spatial-temporal structure of daily activity pattern by different groups on the weekday in Lanzhou, China in 1992 54 3.4 Space-time path of residents in different types of neighborhoods in Beijing 55 3.5 The space-time distribution of work activity of residents living in different types of neighborhoods in Beijing, 2007 56 3.6 Re-conceptualizing the representation of the individual life path 59 3.7 Empirical case study of combining the life path and daily path and focusing on the important impacts of life events 60 viii Figures 4.1 Truncated Brownian bridges simulation of visit probabilities over time within a space-time prism 80 4.2 Brownian motion simulation of NTP visit probabilities over time 81 4.3 Semi-Markov simulation of NTP visit probabilities over time 82 4.4 Estimated mean speed profiles for the Phoenix, AZ, USA road network 83 4.5 Distribution of expected CO emissions (mg/s) at selected times 2 within an NTP 84 4.6 Density map of GPS points associated with new transit riders 87 4.7 A classification system for summarizing walkability within activity spaces 89 4.8 Comparing walkability summary measures for activity spaces versus census blocks 90 4.9 Comparing self-defined neighborhood with a walking activity space 91 5.1 The location of online activity, in the foreground and background 103 5.2 Online background activities associated with foreground activities 104 5.3 Typical strategies for managing background and foreground activities 107 6.1 Existential feelings and relational needs 120 6.2 Time-space paths of organic and inorganic entities 123 6.3 Relational strings in the time-space 125 7.1 The graphs of the diary of Agnes 138 8.1 Relationship between the inner and outer world and between past and present, all coming together in the “now-point” 168 Tables 2.1 Articles selected for inclusion in Anthology of Time-Geography 22 2.2 Average Monday schedules for husbands at home and work in 1990 in Kawagoe and Nisshin 27 2.3 Number of trips and total out-of-home activity time per capita in different cities 30 2.4 Changes in the number of articles written in Japanese that include the term “time-geography” 33 2.5 Excess of in-migration over out-migration by age in the city of Nagareyama in 2014 36 3.1 The history of time-geography in China 48 4.1 Contrasting approaches to mobility planning 77 4.2 Research hypotheses about expected changes in physical activity time if public transit generates new physical activity 86 5.1 Online time use for various activities/purposes, both foreground and background 101 7.1 The diary of Agnes, Monday 137
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