Ticks of the Southern Cone of America. Diagnosis, Distribution, and Hosts with Taxonomy, Ecology and Sanitary Importance PDF
Preview Ticks of the Southern Cone of America. Diagnosis, Distribution, and Hosts with Taxonomy, Ecology and Sanitary Importance
Ticks of the Southern Cone of America Ticks of the Southern Cone of America Diagnosis, Distribution, and Hosts with Taxonomy, Ecology and Sanitary Importance Santiago Nava Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, InstitutoNacionalde Tecnolog´ıa Agropecuaria, and Consejo Nacional deInvestigaciones Cient´ıficay Te´cnicas,SantaFe,Argentina Jose´ M. Venzal Facultad de Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte,Universidad de la Repu´blica, Uruguay Daniel Gonza´lez-Acun˜a Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidadde Concepcio´n, Chile Thiago F. Martins Faculdadede Medicina Veterina´ria e Zootecnia,Universidadede Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Alberto A. Guglielmone Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, InstitutoNacionalde Tecnolog´ıa Agropecuaria, and Consejo Nacional deInvestigaciones Cient´ıficay Te´cnicas,SantaFe,Argentina AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyrightr2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. 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BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-811075-1 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:SaraTenney AcquisitionEditor:LindaVersteeg-Buschman EditorialProjectManager:HalimaWilliams ProductionProjectManager:LauraJackson Designer:MarkRogers TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Dedication This study is dedicated to Juan Jose´ Boero (Argentina), Isa´ıas Tagle (Chile), Luis Enrique Migone (Paraguay), and Varela Calzada (Uruguay) for their valuable scientific contributions to different parasitological fields in the Southern Cone of America. Biographies Santiago Nava is a Senior Scientist in Parasitology at the Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog´ıa Agropecuaria, and Scientist at the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient´ıfica yTe´cnicas, Argentina.E-mail:nava.santia- [email protected] Santiago Nava is a young Argentinean researcher whose interest is focused on systematics, ecology and control of ticks, and epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens. Within this subject area he coordinates different projects on ticks with medical and veteri- nary importance. The principal contribution of Dr. Nava has been in the studyofNeotropicalticks,andhealsohasanactivecollaborationwithscien- tists from more than 20 countriesfrom America,Europe, and Africa. Jose´ M. Venzal is Professor of Veterinary Parasitology at the Laboratorio de vectores y enfermedades transmitidas, Facultad de Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la Repu´blica, Uruguay.E-mail: [email protected] Jose´ M. Venzal is a young Uruguayan researcher on ticks and tick-borne diseases with a great exper- tise insystematicandphylogenyofArgasidae,afield mastered for few persons worldwide. The contribu- tion of Prof. Venzal has been fundamental to describe several new Neotropical species of ticks (argasids and ixodids) but also for tick ecology and epidemiology of ticks-transmitted diseases. He received the Scopus Award Uruguay 2011 in the area of Agricultural Sciences, Editorial Elsevier, and the National Academy of Veterinary Medicine ofUruguay Award 2008. xi xii Biographies Daniel Gonza´lez-Acun˜a is full Professor in Zoology and Ornithology at the Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepcio´n, Chilla´n, Chile.E-mail: [email protected] Daniel Gonza´lez-Acun˜a is a Doctor in Veterinary Medicine at the Institute of Wildlife of the Veterinary Medicine Superior School of Hannover, Germany. As Full Professor of the Faculty of Veterinary at the Universidad de Concepcio´n, he tea- ches General Zoology for students of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Zoology for students of Agronomy. Prof. Gonza´lez-Acun˜a is specialized in parasites of Chile’s wild fauna; within this endeavor he coordinated several research projects about ticks from the wild fauna in Chile. His contribution resulted in the description of several new species of ticks found in Chile and neighboring countries, and relevant biogeography information. Thiago F. Martins is a Postdoc at the Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Thiago F. Martins is a Brazilian Postdoc student with a prolific contribution on tick taxonomy and ecology.Dr.Martinsmadeaveryimportant contribu- tion for the diagnoses of Argentinian and Brazilian nymphs from the genus Amblyomma, the most numerically important tick genus in South America. He is an active collaborator with many tick-research groups in Brazil and elsewhere providing his exper- tise for tickidentification. Alberto A. Guglielmone is a Senior Scientist in ParasitologyattheEstacio´nExperimentalAgropecuaria Rafaela,InstitutoNacionaldeTecnolog´ıaAgropecuaria, and Superior Scientist at the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient´ıfica y Te´cnicas, Argentina. E-mail:[email protected] Alberto A. Guglielmone is a senior Argentinean scientist with a long career on ticks and cattle tick- borne diseases, started in 1975, but currently dealing with biogeography of Ixodidae. Dr. Guglielmone contributed with more than 300 scientific articles and several books, and collaborated with scientists from more than 30 countries. He also received several awards and is a member of the Academia Nacional de Agronom´ıa y Veterinaria(Argentina). Preface Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) are becoming increasingly relevant as a sanitary prob- lem for human, domestic, and wild animals worldwide. Significant scientific information about ticks of the Southern Cone of America (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay) has been obtained through time, but no publication condensing this achievement is available. We have undertaken the task to collect the relevant data for diagnosis, distribution, and hosts with comments on taxonomy, ecology, and sanitary problems for each species of tick of the two families (Argasidae and Ixodidae) established in the Southern Cone of America believing that our summary will be of value for people interested in ticks and tick-borne diseases. Data for all species treated here were obtained from a search ofthe world tickliterature that concluded on March 31,2016. xiii Acknowledgments We acknowledge: Dmitry A. Apanaskevich and Lorenza Beati, U.S. National Tick Collection, Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA; Darci M. Barros-Battesti, Laborato´rio de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; Jason Dunlop, Museum fu¨r Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Agustı´n Estrada-Pen˜a, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Marcelo B. Labruna, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; Atilio J. Mangold, Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog´ıa Agropecuaria, Rafaela, Argentina; Joa˜o R. Martins, Laborato´rio de Parasitologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterina´rias Deside´rio Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil; Valeria C. Onofrio, Laborato´rio de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; Trevor N. Petney, Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Institute of Zoology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Richard G. Robbins, Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Department of Entomology Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA; and Matias P.J. Szabo´, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil,forhelpinbibliographysearch,discussions aboutseveral tickspecies, information about type specimens, hosts, and distribution, and assistance for obtaining DNA sequences and constructionof phylogenetic trees. Marta E. Sa´nchez, Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog´ıa Agropecuaria, Rafaela, Argentina, who significantly contributedto obtain manyscientific articles used in thisstudy. Maria I. Camargo-Mathias, Department of Biology, Institute of Bioscience, Sa˜o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil; Pablo H. Nunes, Latin American Institute of Life and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguac¸u, Brazil; Diego G. Ramirez, Laborato´rio de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; Fredy A. Rivera-Pa´ez, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; and Patricia L. Sarmiento, Servicio de Microscop´ıa Electro´nica del Museo de La Plata, xv xvi Acknowledgments Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina, for their expertise with andassistance inscanningelectronmicroscopy. Karen Ardiles Villegas and Maria S. de la Fuente, Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepcio´n, Chilla´n, Chile; Oscar Castro, Oscar Correa, Carlos G. de Souza, Marı´a Laura Fe´lix, and Paula Lado, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la Repu´blica, Uruguay; Mariano Mastropaolo, Ca´tedra de Parasitolog´ıa y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Argentina; Lucila Moreno Salas, Departamento de Zoolog´ıa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanogra´ficas, Universidad de Concepcio´n, Concepcio´n, Chile; Sebastia´n Mun˜oz-Leal, Departamento de Medicina Veterina´ria Preventiva e Sau´de Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterina´ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; and Patrick Sebastian, Marı´a N. Saracho Bottero, Evelina L. Tarragona, Oscar Warnke, and Mario Wuattier, Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog´ıa Agropecuaria, Rafaela, Argentina, who contributed in many field and labora- tory worksusefulfor the information contained inthis book. The Instituto Nacional de Tecnologı´a Agropecuaria, Argentina; Asociacion Cooperadora de la Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria, Rafaela, Argentina; Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologı´a e Innovacio´n Productiva, Argentina; and the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones, Cientı´ficas y Te´cnicas, Argentina, for providing institutional and financial support. Introduction Ticks are blood-feeding ectoparasites of vertebrates except fishes recognized asaworldwidenuisancebytheircapacitiestocausedermatosis,anemia,toxe- mia including paralysis, impaired weight gain, while facilitating the occur- rence of myiasis and secondary bacterial infections. Nevertheless, the most importantproblemassociatedwithtickinfestationisthecompetencetotrans- mitpathogenicagentssuchasvirus,bacteria,protozoa,andnematodestoani- mals and humans, being along mosquitos the most important arthropod vectorsofinfectiousdiseases.1Mosttickspeciesareparasitesofwildanimals, butreduction ofprimeval-hosthabitatsbyanthropic activitiesandincreaseof live animal trade may result in extinction of some tick species or changes in hostprofileinothersasanadaptationtonewconditions.Asaconsequenceof the above scenario,studies onticktaxonomy,ecology, effects onanimal pro- duction and health, including transmission of pathogenic organisms, resulted inavoluminousliteraturesometimesdifficulttotrack. The broadest definition for the Southern Cone of America includes Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, covering a vast territory from north of Antarctica to the Tropic of Capricorn with the Andes Mountains separatingArgentinaandChileasamajorbarrierforgeneflow.Thisgeogra- phy contains a great variety of wildlife, animal production systems under extensive pasture conditions and landscapes attracting a considerable num- bers of tourists regularly. Ticks and tick-borne diseases of cattle have been historically of great concern for meat industry, graziers, scientists, and gov- ernments in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, but the recognition of local ticks as transmitters of human diseases added an additional worry and a notorious increaseof regional researchon ticks andrelatedproblems. Most studies in the past focused on cattle ticks and cattle diseases trans- mitted by Rhipicephalus microplus with other tick species mostly recognized by scanty records of hosts and localities with eventual descriptions of new species as Ixodes nuttalli and I. abrocomae by Lahille,2,3 I. longiscutatus by Boero,4 and I. neuquenensis by Ringuelet.5 The books of Lahille6 “Contribution a l’e´tude des ixodides de la Re´publique Argentine” and Boero7 “Las garrapatas de la Repu´blica Argentina” remained as main refer- ences for species different to R. microplus for decades and, indeed, the work of Boero is still a sound tool for identification of several species of ticks. Thereafter, studies of R. microplus and associated diseases continued, xvii
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