THz and Security Applications: Detectors, Sources and Associated Electronics for THz Applications

317 Pages·2014·9.709 MB·English

by  Carlo Corsi, Fedir Sizov (eds.)

NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - B:
Physics and Biophysics
THz and Security
Applications
Detectors, Sources and Associated
Electronics for THz Applications
Edited by
Carlo Corsi
Fedir Sizov
AB 3
THz and Security Applications
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series
This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO
Programme:ScienceforPeaceandSecurity(SPS).
The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas:
(1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO,
PartnerandMediterraneanDialogueCountryPriorities.Thetypesofmeetingsupported
are generally “Advanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”. The
NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are
co-organized byscientistsfromNATOcountriesandscientistsfromNATO’s“Partner” or
“MediterraneanDialogue”countries.Theobservationsandrecommendationsmadeatthe
meetings,aswellasthecontentsofthevolumesintheSeries,reflectthoseofparticipants
andcontributorsonly;theyshouldnotnecessarilyberegardedasreflectingNATOviews
orpolicy.
Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses to convey the latest
developmentsinasubjecttoanadvanced-levelaudience
Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but
informalexchange ofviewsatthefrontiersofasubjectaimsatidentifyingdirectionsfor
futureaction
Followingatransformationoftheprogrammein2006theSerieshasbeenre-namedand
re-organised.Recentvolumesontopicsnotrelatedtosecurity,whichresultfrommeetings
supportedundertheprogrammeearlier,maybefoundintheNATOScienceSeries.
TheSeriesispublishedbyIOSPress,Amsterdam,andSpringer,Dordrecht,inconjunction
withtheNATOEmergingSecurityChallengesDivision.
Sub-Series
A. ChemistryandBiology Springer
B. PhysicsandBiophysics Springer
C. EnvironmentalSecurity Springer
D. InformationandCommunicationSecurity IOSPress
E. HumanandSocietalDynamics IOSPress
http://www.nato.int/science
http://www.springer.com
http://www.iospress.nl
SeriesB:PhysicsandBiophysics
THz and Security Applications
Detectors, Sources and Associated
Electronics for THz Applications
editedby
Carlo Corsi
C.R.E.O.CentroRicercheElettroOttiche
L’Aquila,Italy
and
Fedir Sizov
InstituteofSemiconductorPhysics
NationalAcademyofSciencesofUkraine
Kiev,Ukraine
123
PublishedinCooperationwithNATOEmergingSecurityChallengesDivision
ProceedingsoftheNATOAdvancedResearchWorkshopon
THzandSecurityApplications-Detectors,SourcesandAssociatedElectronics
forTHzApplications
Kiev,Ukraine
26–29May2013
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014938207
ISBN978-94-017-8830-4(PB)
ISBN978-94-017-8827-4(HB)
ISBN978-94-017-8828-1(e-book)
DOI10.1007/978-94-017-8828-1
PublishedbySpringer,
P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands.
www.springer.com
Printedonacid-freepaper
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General Introduction
These proceedings have been written in an attempt to communicate the major
purposeoftheNATOAdvancedResearchWorkshop(ARW),2013,thatis,tobring
to light the possibilities of performance, based on the actual level, of the ever-
promising THz (terahertz) technology, a kind of Araba Fenice, not yet known to
mosttechnicaloperators,especiallyitsappealinsecurityapplications.
Toachievethis,theARWhasinvitedhighlyexperiencedscientistswithexpertise
inTHzscienceandtechnologyanditsapplicationareas.
We begin with the considerationthat the risk of mass murder due to terroristic
attacksisontherise,thusposingathreatforsecurityinthecivilandmilitaryworld.
To counter this problem, we look at one of the most appealing, newly emerging,
technologies that is based on the THz detection of explosives and other forms
of threats. However, operational difficulties (both for THz sensors and sources),
especially regarding size, complexity of use, overall cost, and the need of very
low temperaturesfor sensors, strongly limit the application of this technology.To
find solutions to these and related issues, we invited expert scientists to present
reviewpapersonthemostadvancedsensorsandsourcesbasedonTHztechnology,
especiallyforsecuritysystemapplications.
The ARW has been conferred the major task of describing the most advanced
technologies, in terms of identifying their operational strengths and weaknesses,
forecasting the best technological solutions to overcome the actual operational
limits,andsuggestingtotheNATOSPS(ScienceforPeaceandSecurity)Division
themostreliablewaystoproceedforfuturedevelopments.
To achieve a broad evaluation of the aboveaspects, a questionnaireon various
keypointswithregardtotheactualperformanceandpossiblefuturedevelopments
inthefieldofTHzscience,technology,andapplicationshasbeendiscussed.
v

Preface
BackgroundandJustification
Compact detectors, both uncooled and cooled but not below liquid nitrogen
temperatures, powerful sources and associated electronics are the key points that
definetheultimateperformanceofTHzimagingsystems,bothpassiveandactive.
Modeling and simulation of these components (including, e.g., matrix arrays and
antenna simulation and optimization) being an important aspect made it essential
also to includein the meetingspecialists in this area.Further progressin physics-
basedmodelingandsimulationisimportantfordevelopingbetterandcost-effective
THzvisionsystems.Thedevelopmentofhigh-performancepartsofvisionsystems,
as well as of the systems as a whole, and their modeling and simulation will
continue to be of interest to NATO for several reasons: First, these parts are
importantsystemcomponentsfor,forexample,surveillanceandnonintrusiveborder
security applications, standoff detection of explosives, and other military and
securityapplications,astheyqualifythesystem parameters.Second,development
in the fields mentioned is likely to promote the design of more advanced THz
visionsystems.ThedevelopmentofTHzimagingsystemstoprovidethedetectors,
sources, and associated electronics capabilities is complex and costly. The design
and manufacturing of advanced detectors, sources, and associated electronics,
especially uncooled or slightly cooled parts, must be aimed toward reducing the
costandextendingapplicationcapabilitiesofTHzvisionsystems.
The objective of the meeting has been to review the current state of the art in
uncooledor slightly cooled THz detectors, sources, and associated electronicsfor
THzvisionsystems.Thepurposehasalsobeentoprovideaclearviewonthecurrent
technologiesandtherequiredadvancesto achievemoreefficientsystemswith the
aim of establishing the baseline of current uncertainty estimates in physics-based
modelingandidentifyingkeyareasrequiringfurtherresearchanddevelopment.
Topics have addressed detectors and sources physics and detector design and
technology-basedmanufacturingandhaveincludedquestionsconcerningassociated
electronics design as well as modeling and simulation of electronic circuits and
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viii Preface
antennas. The proceedings have provided deep analyses and discussions based
on the experience acquired over the past years in developing advanced detectors,
sources,andassociatedelectronics.
ScientificCodirectors:
Prof.CarloCorsi(LeaderCountry:Italy)
Prof.FedirSizov(HostingCountry:Ukraine)
Prof.AntonyRogalski(CooperatingCountry:Poland)
List of Participants
Speakers
1. CarloCorsi(co-director),C.R.E.O.CentroRicercheElettroOttiche–L’Aquila,
Italy
2. AntonyRogalski(co-director),InstituteofAppliedPhysics,MilitaryUniversity
ofTechnology,2KaliskiegoSt.,00-908Warsaw,Poland
3. FedirSizov(co-director),InstituteofSemiconductorPhysics,Kiev,Ukraine
4. MykolaSochinskyi,C.R.E.O.Madrid,Spain
5. Manijeh Razeghi, Center for Quantum Devices, Department of Electrical
EngineeringandComputerScience,NorthwesternUniversity,Illinois,USA
6. GregoryGoltsman,MoscowStatePedagogicalUniversity,Moscow,Russia
7. MiriamVitiello,NEST,CNRIstitutoNanoscienze–ScuolaNormaleSuperiore,
Pisa,Italy
8. VincenzoSpagnolo,DipartimentoInterateneoFisica,UniversitàPolitecnicodi
Bari,Italy
9. Hartmut Roskos, Physikalisches Institut J. W. Goethe University of Frankfurt
amMain-Germany
10. WoichiechKnap,Lab.CharlesCoulombUniversity&TERALABMontpellier2
&CNRS,France
11. NorbertPalka,InstituteofOptoelectronics,MilitaryUniversityofTechnology,
Warsaw,Poland
12. AlexanderShkurinov,MoscowStateUniversity,Moscow,Russia
13. Oleg Mitrofanov, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College
London,UK
14. FrancescoPalma,NTT–NewTeraTechnology,10126,Torino,Italy
15. SandroMengali,C.R.E.O.L’Aquila,Italy
16. AshokVaseashta,InstituteofAdvancedSciencesConvergenceandInt.alLean
WaterInstituteNUARIHerndon,VA20171,USA
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