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THINKING ON THE WEB Berners-Lee, Go¨del, and Turing H. PETER ALESSO and CRAIG F. SMITH A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION THINKING ON THE WEB THINKING ON THE WEB Berners-Lee, Go¨del, and Turing H. PETER ALESSO and CRAIG F. SMITH A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright©2006byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise, exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,without eitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentofthe appropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers, MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.Requests tothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley& Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineat http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbest effortsinpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttothe accuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimplied warrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedor extendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontained hereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhere appropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyother commercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orother damages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontact ourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnited Statesat(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint maynotbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitour websiteatwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Alesso,H.P. ThinkingontheWeb:Berners-Lee,Go¨del,andTuring/byH.PeterAlesso,CraigF.Smith. p.cm. “AWiley-Intersciencepublication.” Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-0-471-76814-2 ISBN-10:0-471-76814-6 1.WorldWideWeb.2.Artificialintelligence.3.SemanticWeb.I.Smith,C.F. (CraigForsythe),1950-II.Title. TK5105.888.A3755 2006 004.67(cid:2)8–dc22 2006041614 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 To: Chris and Kathy CONTENTS Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xxi Who This Book Is For xxiii The Organization of This Book xxv Associated Resources xxvii PART I WHAT IS WEB INTELLIGENCE? 1 1 Empowering the Information Age 3 Overview 3 Thinking and Intelligent Web Applications 4 The Information Age 6 The World Wide Web 11 Limitations of Today’s Web 13 The Next Generation Web 14 Why Intelligent Ubiquitous Devices Improve Productivity 14 Conclusion 15 Exercises 16 Interlude #1: Thinking about Thinking 18 vii