Table Of Content

The Critical Thinker’s Guide to Reasoning Form a Point of View Initial description Clear definition Look to Examples Look to one side the other side Other Point of View Other Point of View Reasons Reasons Evidence Evidence Strong? A Rrgeulemveanntts? V alid? Strong? A Rrgeulemveanntts? V alid? Look behind Build Support Look behind Origin Assumptions Reasons How did I form this Evidence What are my point of view? Strong? A Rrgeulemveanntts? V alid? unstated beliefs? e c n e r e f n I Conclusion Decision Solution n o ti c di e r P Consequences © Cengage Learning Whthaites wcaoidlnlo cphltauepsdipo?enn if Ade msiogdniefdie db yv eRraslipohn Ho.f Jao shcnhseomna. originally Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 30119_ifc.indd 2 07/08/13 5:21 PM eleventh edition Thinking Critically John ChaffEE, PhD Director, Center for Philosophy and Critical Thinking, City University of New York Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 30119_fm_rev03.indd 1 16/08/13 5:38 PM This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 30119_fm_rev03.indd 4 16/08/13 5:38 PM Thinking Critically, Eleventh Edition © 2015, 2012, 2009 John Chaffee John Chaffee WCN: 02-200-203 Product Director: Monica Eckman Product Manager: Margaret Leslie ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Rosario/ Cengage Learning The Image Bank/Getty Images 200 First Stamford Place, 4th Floor Compositor: Cenveo Publisher Services Stamford, CT 06902 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local office at international.cengage.com/region. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Instructors: Please visit login.cengage.com and log in to access instructor- specific resources. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 14 13 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 30119_fm_rev03.indd 2 16/08/13 5:38 PM Brief Contents 1 Thinking 3 2 Thinking Critically 53 3 Solving Problems 105 4 Perceiving and Believing 143 5 Constructing Knowledge 197 6 Language and Thought 251 7 Forming and Applying Concepts 309 8 Relating and Organizing 349 9 Thinking Critically About Moral Issues 387 10 Constructing Arguments 437 11 Reasoning Critically 473 12 Thinking Critically, Living Creatively 531 iii Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 30119_fm_rev03.indd 3 16/08/13 5:38 PM For Jessie and Joshua Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 30119_fm_rev03.indd 4 16/08/13 5:38 PM Contents Preface xv Chapter 1 Thinking 3 LAWi voRinrokgain dagmn Ta“opEw xtaaorm dYio nGueord aM”ls iL ni dfe 9 84 w/Science Faction/Corbis TAhbionukti nVgis uCariltsically AAcchhiieevviinngg SLohnogrt--TTeerrmm GGooaallss 1131 McCoy–Rainbo cwpLreahiagtariectns a ylt5looy,u 6t ahs,b ei1one6u ko,t n 3 3, Images, Decision Making, and Thinking About Visual Information 14 Dan and 38. Images, Perceiving, and Thinking 14 Thinking Critically An Organized Approach to Making Decisions 20 About New Media Learn to think Living Creatively 25 critically about new media on page 34. “Can I Be Creative?” 25 Becoming More Creative 27 Thinking Ahead 47 Chapter 2 Thinking Critically 53 TCTVhhiaeiiBIrnnwneekkflficuniiunnoeglmgglny Sc iAInEenitgcsxdu tpoaeaivnlntpoei oAeYrloyinncn utdsgi r ve f eTSrn5 ohiLtt7imlenuyaka riDt nni gieof6r fn e 2s r e5w5n7i8tth P Qerusepsetciotinvse s 5 964 © The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A./Art Resource, NY cwp7TALre4ahbhiag,tioa rine8ctunsk a2t yl,i t5lo nVoy6au gi ,nts a hsd6uCbei4 arone8,ilu k9tso6ti. cn8 a, lly Thinking Critically Supporting Diverse Perspectives with Reasons and Evidence 67 About New Media Learn to think Discussing Ideas in an Organized Way 70 critically about new Listening Carefully 72 media on page 80. Supporting Views with Reasons and Evidence 73 Responding to the Points Being Made 73 Asking Questions 73 Increasing Understanding 73 v Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 30119_fm_rev03.indd 5 16/08/13 5:38 PM Reading Critically 76 Asking Questions 76 Using a Problem-Solving Approach 78 Analyzing Issues 81 What Is the Issue? 83 What Is the Evidence? 83 What Are the Arguments? 86 What Is the Verdict? 88 Chapter 3 Solving Problems 105 Thinking Critically About Problems 106 Introduction to Solving Problems 107 Getty Images TALehbaiornunkt i tnVo gits huCiarnilktsi c ally SolAvcincgep Ctiongm tphlee xP rPobrolebmle m s1 1 2 109 Sullivan/ cwprahigtaiects a yl1loy1u 0 a,sb e1oe1u 7ot, n Step 1: What Is the Problem? 113 Justin 118, 121, and 126. Step 2: What Are the Alternatives? 116 Step 3: What Are the Advantages and/or Disadvantages Thinking Critically of Each Alternative? 118 About New Media Learn to think Step 4: What Is the Solution? 120 critically about new media on page 128. Step 5: How Well Is the Solution Working? 123 Solving Nonpersonal Problems 125 Chapter 4 Perceiving and Believing 143 Actively Selecting, Organizing, and Interpreting Sensations 145 People’s Perceptions Differ 147 mages Viewing the World Through “Lenses” 148 © Radius Images/Jupiter I TALcwp1re5habhiag8tioarine,cutn sk a1t yli6 t1lonVo6y4u gi, 9ts a ,hasuCb eni1aroned5ilu kts5 oti1 , cn 9a 0ll.y PBTyeeprlWiceeehsvia ivonti fgnF Bga ac enatlodnierd sfP s SBe:h reRaclepieepeivv oPiinnretggrsc ,e Ipn t11fieo66rn02es?n c e s1,5 J1udgments 164 vi Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 30119_fm_rev03.indd 6 16/08/13 5:39 PM Reporting Factual Information 167 Thinking Critically Inferring 170 About New Media Learn to think Judging 174 critically about new media on page 178. Differences in Judgments 176 Chapter 5 Constructing Knowledge 197 Believing and Knowing 198 Knowledge and Truth 200 Stages of Knowing 201 Thinking Critically Thinking Critically About Your Beliefs 206 Sterner ALebaorunt tVo itshuianlks BUesilniegfs P Bearsspeedc otinv eIn-Tdaikreincgt Etox pAecrhieienvcee K n o2w17ledge 213 AP Photo/Susan cy22ro02iu87ti,, c sa2aeln0ely9d o , a n22b3 1po72au.,gt e2ws2 h5a, t How Reliable Are the Information and the Source? 218 Thinking Critically About New Media Learn to think critically about new media on page 222. Chapter 6 Language and Thought 251 The Evolution of Language 252 The Symbolic Nature of Language 254 Semantic Meaning (Denotation) 256 Perceptual Meaning (Connotation) 257 Syntactic Meaning 257 Pragmatic Meaning 258 Using Language Effectively 264 Using Language to Clarify Thinking 267 ORBIS UsiILSnmatganpn grLdouaavanrigndgeg uA SVamtagyegleeru iscei na L nS a 2Eon7ngc8giualailsg Che o n t22e77x91ts 278 Reuters/Ahmed Jadallah/C cwpaTALrneahbhiagdtioarine ctun2sk at 8yli t2l0onVoy6.u gi 8ts a ,hsuCb ei2arone7ilu kts0oti , cn a lly vii Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 30119_fm_rev03.indd 7 16/08/13 5:39 PM