Things That Go Blip in the Night: Standby Power and How to Limit it (Energy Efficiency Policy Profiles)

133 Pages·2001·0.956 MB·English

by  Iea

FTChatA 15/01/01 16:45 Page 1
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
THINGS THAT GO
BLIP IN THE NIGHT
Standby Power and How to Limit it
S
E
L
I
F
O
R
P

Y
C
I
L
O
P

Y
C
N
E
I
C
I
F
F
E

Y
G
R
E
N
E
a-001-009 10/05/01 17:25 Page 1
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
THINGS THAT GO
BLIP IN THE NIGHT
Standby Power and How to Limit it
S
E
L
I
F
O
R
P

Y
C
I
L
O
P

Y
C
N
E
I
C
I
F
F
E

Y
G
R
E
N
E
a-001-009 10/05/01 17:25 Page 2
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR
ENERGY AGENCY ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
9, rue de la Fédération, AND DEVELOPMENT
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed
autonomous body which was established in in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which
November 1974 within the framework of the came into force on 30th September 1961, the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
and Development (OECD) to implement an Development (OECD) shall promote policies
international energy programme. designed:
It carries out a comprehensive programme of (cid:2) To achieve the highest sustainable
energy co-operation among twenty-five* of economic growth and employment and a
the OECD’s thirty Member countries. The rising standard of living in Member countries,
basic aims of the IEA are: while maintaining financial stability, and thus
(cid:2) To maintain and improve systems for coping to contribute to the development of the world
with oil supply disruptions; economy;
(cid:2) To promote rational energy policies in a (cid:2) To contribute to sound economic expansion
global context through co-operative relations in Member as well as non-member countries
with non-member countries, industry and in the process of economic development; and
international organisations; (cid:2) To contribute to the expansion of world trade
(cid:2) To operate a permanent information system on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in
on the international oil market; accordance with international obligations.
(cid:2) To improve the world’s energy supply and The original Member countries of the OECD
demand structure by developing alternative are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
energy sources and increasing the efficiency France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland,
of energy use; Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,
(cid:2) To assist in the integration of environmental
the United Kingdom and the United States.
and energy policies.
The following countries became Members
subsequently through accession at the dates
indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964),
Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th
*IEA Member countries: Australia, Austria, June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973),
Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May
Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996), the
the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Korea (12th December 1996) and
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Slovakia (28th September 2000). The
Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States. Commission of the European Communities
The European Commission also takes part in takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13
the work of the IEA. of the OECD Convention).
© OECD/IEA, 2001
Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this publication
should be made to:
Head of Publications Service, OECD
2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris cedex 16, France.
a-001-009 10/05/01 17:25 Page 3
table of contents
PREFACE
I was amazed when I first learned the dimensions of standby power.In
my own home, appliances that I thought were “off” were actually
consuming considerable power.My home is hardly unusual.Taking all of
the homes in IEA Member countries,standby power accounts for 10 per
cent of residential electricity demand.I also learned that we can reduce
standby power consumption by about 75 per cent using cost-effective
technologies and design changes.It is a classic “low-hanging”fruit that
can be plucked.We get energy savings and cost savings for consumers.
International collaboration can help our Member countries achieve these
savings faster and cheaper than if countries acted independently.When
we started this project, some countries or regions were developing
programmes to address standby power waste while others were not
aware of the problem. Governments were proceeding with different
definitions and protocols.The IEA helped get countries talking to one
another to co-ordinate their programmes.As a result, several countries
have developed more effective programmes and others have a better
understanding of what is needed.
Although obstacles remain, I am happy that the IEA has been able to
make a tangible contribution to saving energy.With additional effort,best
practice in reducing standby losses can be standard practice in less than
ten years.With this book,we hope to spread our message more widely
and provide some recommendations about how to bring this about.
Robert Priddle
Executive Director
3
a-001-009 10/05/01 17:25 Page 4
table of contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The topic of standby power losses was brought to the attention of
the energy efficiency community and to the IEA by Dr Alan Meier
of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the United States in
the mid-1990s.His groundbreaking work has been instrumental in
advances made in the field of standby power losses.
In January 1999,the IEA Secretariat established a work programme
to help IEA Member countries design policies and programmes to
reduce standby power losses. Benoît Lebot, of the IEA, managed
this programme, with the support of the Head of the Energy
Efficiency Policy Analysis Division,first Jean-Pierre Des Rosiers and
then Carmen Difiglio.
The programme has been a collaborative effort from the beginning.
Many representatives of governments, industry and consumer
groups participated in a series of workshops and task forces.These
workshops,together with Internet discussion groups,have greatly
facilitated international information exchange and collaboration.
This report draws on work by the task forces.Particular mention
should be made of the input to this publication from Alan Meier and
Karen Rosen of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, United
States;Ken Salaets of the Information Technology Industry Council,
United States; Hans Paul Siderius of NOVEM, Netherlands; and
Fiona Mullins of Environmental Resources Management, United
Kingdom.
4
a-001-009 10/05/01 17:25 Page 5
ttaabbllee ooff ccoonntteennttss
table of contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11
2 THE EVOLUTION OF STANDBY
POWER 13
(cid:2) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
(cid:2) Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
(cid:2) Standby power modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS 19
(cid:2) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
(cid:2) Barriers to standby efficiency improvements . . . . . . . . 19
(cid:2) Power switch placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
(cid:2) Improving component efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
(cid:2) Will reducing standby power raise the price
of products? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4 CURRENT POLICIES TO ADDRESS
STANDBY POWER 27
(cid:2) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
(cid:2) Demand-side management programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
(cid:2) Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
(cid:2) Voluntary industry standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
(cid:2) Consumer information:voluntary labelling . . . . . . . . . . 35
(cid:2) Voluntary agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
(cid:2) The effectiveness of current approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 POLICY TOOLS 51
(cid:2) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
(cid:2) Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
(cid:2) Voluntary approaches:working by consensus . . . . . . . . 55
5
a-001-009 10/05/01 17:25 Page 6
ttaabbllee ooff ccoonntteennttss
(cid:2) Economic instruments:making the most of market
incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
(cid:2) Information and education:a useful policy
complement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
(cid:2) Procurement programmes:an instrument to make
a difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6 NEXT STEPS FOR POLICY-MAKERS 63
(cid:2) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
(cid:2) Medium-term prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
(cid:2) The challenge ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
(cid:2) Guiding principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
(cid:2) A call for international collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
(cid:2) Conclusion and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
A ANNEX 1
DEFINITION OF STANDBY POWER 75
(cid:2) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
(cid:2) Standby power definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
A ANNEX 2
ASSESSING CO EMISSIONS FROM
2
STANDBY POWER 79
(cid:2) Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
(cid:2) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
(cid:2) Existing estimates of residential standby power in
individual countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
(cid:2) A global estimate of standby power consumption
in the residential sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
A ANNEX 3
CURRENT PRODUCT MARKETS
AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 93
6
a-001-009 10/05/01 17:25 Page 7
table of contents
A ANNEX 4
WEB PAGES USED FOR THIS BOOK 109
(cid:2) Energy labels that include standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
(cid:2) Market transformation activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
(cid:2) Standby data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
(cid:2) Energy Star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
(cid:2) International organisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
A ANNEX 5
A COMPILATION OF THE WORLD’S
LOWEST STANDBY POWER
FOR EACH FAMILY OF EQUIPMENT
(WORLD’S TOP RUNNERS) 111
A ANNEX 6
INTERNATIONAL PROCESSES
FOR REDUCING STANDBY LOSSES 113
(cid:2) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
(cid:2) Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
(cid:2) Climate Technology Initiative (CTI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
(cid:2) European Commission (EC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
(cid:2) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) . . . . . 117
(cid:2) Group for Efficient Appliances (GEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
(cid:2) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) . . . . . 119
(cid:2) International Energy Agency (IEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
(cid:2) World Business Council for Sustainable Development
(WBSCD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
(cid:2) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AND ABBREVIATIONS 125
REFERENCES 127
7
a-001-009 10/05/01 17:25 Page 8
FIGURES AND TABLES
FIGURES AND TABLES
(cid:2) Figure 3.1 Common power switch designs . . . . . . . . 21
(cid:2) Figure 5.1 Classification of policy mechanisms to
improve appliance energy efficiency . . . . . . 51
(cid:2) Table 4.1 Comparison of different programmes . . . . 46
(cid:2) Table 4.2 Illustration of policy coverage . . . . . . . . . . 48
(cid:2) Table 6.1 Summary of international programmes . . . 67
(cid:2) Table A2.1 Survey of the standby power mode for
video,hi-fi and information equipment
found in 178 French households
(1998-99) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
(cid:2) Table A2.2 Estimates of residential standby
in nine countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
(cid:2) Table A2.3 Assessment of energy demand and
CO emissions from standby power
2
in the residential sector of OECD
Member countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
(cid:2) Table A3.1 Consumer electronics:Analysis of the
current situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
(cid:2) Table A3.2 Consumer electronics:Developments
expected in the next five to ten years . . . . 95
(cid:2) Table A3.3 Information technology:Analysis of the
current situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
(cid:2) Table A3.4 Information technology:Developments
expected in the next five to ten years . . . . 98
(cid:2) Table A3.5 Office equipment:Analysis of
the current situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
(cid:2) Table A3.6 Office equipment:Developments expected
in the next five to ten years . . . . . . . . . . . 101
(cid:2) Table A3.7 External power supplies and chargers:
Analysis of the current situation . . . . . . . . 103
8
a-001-009 10/05/01 17:25 Page 9
FIGURES AND TABLES
(cid:2) Table A3.8 External power supplies and chargers:
Developments expected in the next five
to ten years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
(cid:2) Table A3.9 White goods:Analysis of the current
situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
(cid:2) Table A3.10White goods:Developments expected
in the next five to ten years . . . . . . . . . . . 106
(cid:2) Table A6.1 Summary of relevant international
processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
9