Thesis submitted to the Department of Agronomy - PDF
Preview Thesis submitted to the Department of Agronomy -
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS ON SHALLOW BLACK SOILS IN SEMI-ARID INDIA Thesis submitted to the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Science By Abdulkadir Mohamed Abikar Department of Agronomy College of Agriculture Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University Raiendranagar 500 030 Hydera~ad l Andhra Pradesh India l December 1985 EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS ON SHALLOW BLACK SOILS IN SEMI-ARID INDIA Thesis submitted to the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Science By Abdulkadir Mohamed Abikar Department of Agronomy College of Agriculture Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University Raiendranagar Hyderabad 500 030 l Andhra Pradesh India l December 1985 CERTIFICATE Mr Abdulkadir Mohamed Abikar has prosecuted the ~atisfactorily course of research and the thesis entitled "Evaluation of different cropping systems on shallow black soils in semi-arid India" submitted is the result of original research work and is of high standard to its presentation to the ~ufficient examination. I also certify that the thesis or part thereof has not been previously submitted by him for a deqtee of any University. Major Advisor t"l tJ)('-fJ .. --~ Dr. M.R. Rao Agronomist ICRISAT CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Evaluation of Clifferent cropping systems on shallow black soils in semi-~lrid lndia" submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements [or the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hyderabad, is a record as the bonafide research work carried by Mr Abulkadir Mohamed Abikar under my guidance and The subject of the thesis has been ~,JDervisi()n. approved by the Student's Advisory Committee. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma or has been published. All the assistance anu help received during the course of the investigations have been duly acknowledged by him. H \2.Q.e;J . Chairman of the Advisory Committee Dr. M.R. Rao Agronomist ICRISAT Thesis approved by the Student Advisory Committee. Hg~ Chairman: Dr. M. R. Rao Agronomist ICRISAT,Patancheru . " ( --;--f .. " \.. ,\.JI.\_,..... . iI' ~. ' I • • • • I\ tI L ,~ Co-chairman Dr. G. Venkateswara Reddy ) ..' \1.; I ;." Professor & Head Department of Agronomy Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University Rajendranagar, Hyderabad ~ Member Dr. S.M. Kondap Associate Professor Department of Agronomy Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 7'f &1.. \. i. 1,- t'r/ _- "~ Member Dr. A. Shiv raj . , Associate Professor & Head of Department of Plant Physiology Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University Rajendranagar, Hyderabad TABLE OF CONTENTS £A9.e 1 Introduction 1 2 Literature review 4 3 Material and methods 19 4 Results 35 5 Discussion 79 6 Conclusions 79 7 Summary 80 8 Literature cited 83 9 Appendix 90 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Lis. Title ~ 1 ICRISAT tlcteorological data June 1984 22 - 23 to February 1985 2 Field layout plan of the experiment and 27 details of harvest 3 Row arrangement of crops on broaJbcd-and- 29 furrow system in different cropping systems 4 Light interception in sale crops of sorghum 43 and pigeonpea, and their intercropping system 5 Light interception in sale crops of pigeonpca 43 and groundnut and their intercropping system 6 Gross and net monetary returns [rom 67 different cropping systems. LIS'l' OF TABLES .T9.ble Title .E..a.s.e 1 Physical and chemical properties of the 19 - 20 soil under experimentation 2 Crops and crop varieties, and their 25 approximate time to maturity 3 Crop stand in different cropping 36 systems as observed at harvest 4 Plant height measured at final harvest 39 of crops in different cropping systems 5 Days from emergence to 50% flowering of 40 crops in different cropping systems 6 Weed dry matter in different cropping 45 systems measured at three different stages 7 Visual assessment of the occurence of 48 weed flora in some sole crops and intercrops on shallow black soils 8 Head length of sorghum and pearl millet ~9 in different cropping systems 9 Some measurements on yield components 50 of medium and short-season pigeonpea 10 Test weight of crops in different 51 cropping systems 11 Grain yield or pod yield of medium 53 duration pigeonpea and groundnut in different cropping systems as affected by weeds 12 Grain or pod yield of crops in 55 different cropping systems 13 Stover or haulm yield of crops in 58 different cropping systems 14 Harvest Index of crops in different 61 cropping systems 15 Land Equivalent Ratio(LER) of 63 different intercropping systems calculated on the basis of grain yield 16 Variable costs, gross returns, and net 65 profits of different cropping systems. APPENDIX TABLE Table Title I Meteorological data collected at ICRISAT 90 Center from June 1984 to February 1985 II Input and output costs considered 91 for different crops in working out the monetary returns of cropping systems III Variable costs estimated for different 92 cropping systems IV Mean sums of squares from analysis of 93 variance of different parameters of crops in different cropping systems ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. M.R. Rao, Cropping Systems Agronomist, ICRISAT, Chairman of my Advisory Committee for his guidance throughout the investigation. I am also thankful to Dr. M. Natarajan and Dr. R.W.Willey for their help in planning the study which is relevant to my country's present agronomic needs. I am grateful to Dr. G. Venkateswara Reddy, Professor and Head of Agronomy Department at APAU for his useful help and suggestions throughout my studies and this research work. My thanks are also due to Dr. S.M. Kondap, Associate Professor in Agronomy and to Dr. A. Shivraj, Associate Professor in Plant Physiology at APAU, who are members of my Advisory Committee for their suggestions in preparation of the thesis. I am grateful to Dr. D.L. Oswalt, Principal Training Officer ICRISAT, for organizing my stay in India and for his encouragement and providing critical comments throughout this investigation. I must mention that all the staff of the training program have extended to me excellent cooperation and helped me at some stage or the other. I extend my thanks and gratitude to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for providing funds for my study, the government of Somalia for granting me two year study 'leave, and the government of India for giving admission at APAU.
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