Thermosets: Structure, properties and applications

325 Pages·2012·6.388 MB·English

by  Qipeng Guo

Thermosets
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Thermosets
Structure, properties and applications
Edited by
Qipeng Guo
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
www.woodheadpublishingonline.com
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents
Contributor contact details ix
Preface xiii
Part I Structure and properties of thermosets 1
1 Overview of thermosets: structure, properties and
processing for advanced applications 3
J.-P. Pascault, University of Lyon and INSA-Lyon, France and
R. J. J. Williams, INTEMA, Argentina
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Network formation in thermosets 4
1.3 Gelation, vitrification and transformation diagrams 7
1.4 Thermoset formulations and compounds 13
1.5 Processing of thermosets 17
1.6 Advanced materials based on thermosets 19
1.7 Conclusions 23
1.8 Sources of further information and advice 23
1.9 References 24
2 Mechanical properties of thermosets 28
M. J. mullins, The Dow Chemical Co., USA, D. Liu, Exponent,
Inc., USA and H.-J. sue, Texas A&M University, USA
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Overview of thermoset classes 29
2.3 Thermal properties 33
2.4 Mechanical properties 35
2.5 Conclusions 58
2.6 References 60
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
vi Contents
3 Thermal properties of thermosets 62
D. Ratna, NMRL, India
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Thermal conductivity 63
3.3 Thermal stability 66
3.4 Flammability and smoke property 69
3.5 Thermal cure characteristics 71
3.6 Glass transition temperature (T ) 75
g
3.7 The influence of thermal properties on application 82
3.8 Thermal properties of toughened thermoset and composites 84
3.9 Conclusion 87
3.10 References 88
4 Rheology of thermosets: the use of chemorheology
to characterise and model thermoset flow behaviour 92
P. J. Halley, The University of Queensland, Australia
4.1 Introduction 92
4.2 Thermoset flow simulation and key material properties
required 92
4.3 Thermoset processes and chemorheological models 99
4.4 Conclusions and future trends 112
4.5 Sources of further information and advice 113
4.6 References 114
5 Nanostructures and the toughening of thermosets 118
S. M. GeoRGe, P. Vijayan and S. tHomas, Mahatma Gandhi
University, India
5.1 Introduction 118
5.2 Nanostructure formation during polymerisation 119
5.3 Nanostructure formation by self-assembly before phase
separation 123
5.4 Nanostructure formation by reaction-induced micro-phase
separation (RIMPS) 133
5.5 Nanostructure formation by addition of nanoparticles 138
5.6 Nanostructure formation by addition of reactive polymers 141
5.7 Mechanism of toughening thermosets by
nanostructuring 144
5.8 Conclusions 156
5.9 Acknowledgements 158
5.10 References 158
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents vii
Part II Applications of thermosets 163
6 The use of thermosets in the building and
construction industry 165
D. sonG and R. K. GuPta, West Virginia University, USA
6.1 Introduction 165
6.2 Thermal insulation 166
6.3 Applications of thermosets for piping and roofing 168
6.4 Other applications of unreinforced thermosets 172
6.5 Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) 173
6.6 Applications of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) 178
6.7 Polymer flammability 182
6.8 Future trends and development priorities 183
6.9 Sources of further information and advice 184
6.10 Acknowledgments 185
6.11 References 186
7 The use of thermosets in aerospace applications 189
I. HameRton and L. mooRinG, University of Surrey, UK
7.1 Introduction 189
7.2 Key requirements of materials used in the aerospace
industry 193
7.3 The resin matrix 195
7.4 Applications and examples of thermosets for the
aerospace industry 210
7.5 Composite tooling 220
7.6 Future trends and conclusions 220
7.7 Sources of further information and advice 223
7.8 Acknowledgements 226
7.9 References 226
8 Thermoset adhesives: epoxy resins, acrylates and
polyurethanes 228
T. enGels, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Germany
8.1 Introduction 228
8.2 Epoxy-based thermosets 229
8.3 Polyurethane adhesives 231
8.4 Structural acrylic adhesives 233
8.5 Automotive and transportation applications of thermoset
adhesives 238
8.6 Other applications of thermoset adhesives 242
8.7 Future trends 250
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
viii Contents
8.8 Acknowledgements 250
8.9 References 250
9 Thermoset insulation materials in appliances,
buildings and other applications 254
A. FanGaReGGi and L. BeRtucelli, Dow Italia S.r.l., Italy
9.1 Introduction: the importance of energy conservation 254
9.2 Thermal insulation properties of thermoset foams 256
9.3 Thermoset polymers used in thermal insulation 259
9.4 Key requirements of thermoset insulation materials and
products 263
9.5 Fabrication processes: pour-in-place and reaction injection
molding 269
9.6 Fabrication processes: continuous lamination 274
9.7 Other fabrication processes 277
9.8 Applications and examples of thermoset insulation
materials 279
9.9 Future trends and development priorities 286
9.10 References 287
10 Thermosets for electrical applications 289
K. nettinG, Teknoflex Limited, UK
10.1 Introduction 289
10.2 Properties of thermosets 293
10.3 Oxidation, moisture and chemical resistance 296
10.4 Thermosets for electrical applications 301
10.5 Conclusions and future trends 302
10.6 References 303
Index 304
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contributor contact details
(* = main contact)
Editor Prof. Roberto J. J. Williams
Institute of Materials Science and
Professor Qipeng Guo
Technology (INTEMA)
Institute for Frontier Materials
University of Mar del Plata and
Deakin University
National Research Council
Locked Bag 2000
(CONICET)
Geelong
J.B. Justo 4302
Victoria 3220
7600 Mar del Plata
Australia
Argentina
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Prof. Jean-Pierre Pascault*
Michael J. Mullins*
LMM/IMP, UMR-CNRS 5223
The Dow Chemical Co.
Université de Lyon
2301 Brazosport Blvd
INSA de Lyon
Freeport
INSA – Bat Jules Verne
TX 77541
20 Avenue Albert Einstein
USA
69621 Villeurbanne Cedex
France
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012