Thermoreception and Temperature Regulation

304 Pages·1990·8.07 MB·English

by  J. Bligh (auth.), Prof. Dr. J. Bligh, Prof. Dr. K. Voigt, H. A. Braun, K. Brück, G. Heldmaier (eds.)

J. Bligh K. Voigt (Eds.)
Thermoreception and
Temperature Regulation
H.A. Braun K. Bruck G. Heldmaier (Co-Eds.)
With 137 Figures and 3 Tables
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo HongKong
Prof. Dr. J. BLIGH
Institute of Animal Physiology
and Genetics Research
Babraham Hall
Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK
Prof. Dr. K. VOIGT
Phillips Universitat
FB Humanmedizin
Institut fur Normale und
Pathologische Physiologie
DeutschhausstraBe 2
3550 Marburg, FRG
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75078-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75076-2
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-75076-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in· Publication Data
Thermoreception and temperature regulation 1 J. Bligh, K. Voigt (eds.) p. cm. Includes
bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75078-6 1. Body temperature-Regulation. I. Bligh, J. II.
Voigt, Karlheinz. QP135.T478 1990 612'.022-dc20
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Contents
Introduction . 1
J. BLIGH
1 Transduction of Temperature into Cellular Responses _____
1.1 Whither Sensory Specificity? 9
A.IGGO
1.2 Theories and Models of Temperature Transduction 19
H.A. BRAUN, K. SCHAFER, and H. WISSING
1.3 Mechanism of Sensory Transduction in Cold Receptors 30
K. SCHAFER, H.A. BRAUN, and L. REMPE
1.4 The Location and Function of Different Skin
Thermoreceptors 37
K.P. IVANOV
1.5 Temperature Sensitivity of the Ampullae of Lorenzini of
Elasmobranchs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
G.N. AKOEV
1.6 Long-Term Modulation of Hypothalamic Neurons by
Neuropeptides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
H. SCHMID and Fr.-K. PIERAU
2 Central Processing of Temperature Information _______
2.1 Correlations of Temperature Sensation and Neural
Activity: A Second Approximation . . . . . . . . 67
R. KENSHALO
2.2 Central Projections of Thermoreceptors 89
E.R. PERL
2.3 Processing of Thermal Information from the Face 107
R.F. HELLON
VI Contents
2.4 Temperature-Evoked Sensation in Human Teeth: Two Com-
ponents of Pain in Response to Cold Stimulation ...... 116
E. lYvASJARVI, K.-D. KNIFFKI, M.K.C. MENGEL, and
A. STIEFENHOFER
2.5 Neural Basis of Cold Sensation 123
T. JARVILEHTO
2.6 Cerebral Evoked Potentials Induced by Cutaneous
Thermal Stimulation in Humans . . . . . . . . . . 133
R. DUCLAUX
2.7 A Neuronal Model Mimicking the Sensations Produced
by a Cold Stimulus to the Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
J.W. WOODBURY and P.R. BURGESS
3 Epistemology
3.1 Physiology and Language. Epistemological Questions
About Scientific Theories of Perception . . . . . . . . 151
P. JANICH
4 Temperature and Functional Interactions _________
4.1 Cells, Cell-Talk and Mammalian Homeothermy . 163
J. BLIGH
4.2 Negative Plus Positive Feedback . . . . . . . . . 174
H.T. HAMMEL
4.3 Temperature/Signal Relations of Thermoreceptors and
Input/Output Relations of the Thermoregulatory System 183
C. JESSEN and G. KUHNEN
4.4 Temperature Dependence of Thermal and Nonthermal
Regulation: Hypothalamic Thermo-and Osmoregulation
in the Duck ....................... 191
E. SIMON and P. NOLTE
4.5 Control of Cardiorespiration During Shivering
Thermogenesis in Pigeons . . . . . . . . . . . 200
W. RAUTENBERG
5 Adaptive Modification of Temperature Regulation
5.1 Long-Term and Short-Term Adaptive Phenomena in
Temperature Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
K. BROCK
Contents VII
5.2 Models of Cold and Warm Adaptation 224
J. WERNER
5.3 Seasonal Adaptation of Thermoregulatory Heat
Production in Small Mammals . . . . . . . . . . 235
G. HELDMAIER, S. KLAUS, and H. WIESINGER
5.4 Thermoreception and Temperature Regulation in
Hibernators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
W. WONNENBERG and G. KUHNEN
6 Fever _____________________________________________ _
6.1 The Neurobiology of Endogenous Pyrogens 257
C.M. BLATIEIS
6.2 The Role of Septal Peptides in Thermoregulation
and Fever ................... . 273
E. ZEISBERGER
6.3 Phylogeny of Fever 284
M. CABANAC
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 297
List of Contributors
You will find the addresses at the beginning of respective
contribution.
Akoev,G.N. Kniffki, K.-D.
Blatteis, C.M. Kuhnen, G.
Bligh,J. Mengel, M.K.C.
Braun,H.A. Nolte, P.
Briick,K. Ped,E.R.
Burgess, P.R Pierau, F.-K.
Cabanac,M. Rautenberg, W.
Duc1aux, R Rempe, L.
Hammel, H.T. Schafer,K.
Heldmaier, G. Schmid, H.
Hellon, RF. Simon, E.
Iggo,A. Stiefenhofer, A.
Ivanov, K.P. Werner, J.
Janich,P. Wiesinger, H.
larvilehto, T. Wissing, H.
Jessen, C. Woodbury, J.W.
Jyvasjarvi, E. Wiinnenberg, W.
Kenshalo, R. Zeisberger, E.
Klaus, S.
Introduction
As indicated in the Preface, the contributions to this volume are based upon the
papers presented at the symposium on Thermoreceptors and Temperature Regula
tion held in July 1988 at the Institute of Physiology of the University of Marburg
(Federal Republic of Germany) to celebrate and commemorate the life and
achievements of HERBERT HENSEL, who directed that Institute from 1955 until his
death in 1983, and whose most notable and significant contributions to thermo
physiology were in the areas of the properties and characteristics of thermo sensors,
mammalian thermoregulation more generally, and the psychophysiology of ther
mal sensation. All the papers in this volume deal, to a greater or lesser extent, with
these discernibly different but closely allied aspects of mammalian physiology.
The editors have sought to achieve cohesion, flow, and balance both in the
contributed articles and in their order of presentation, without either large gaps or
redundancies in the coverage of the recent advances in the understanding of
thermoreceptors and thermoregulation. At the same time we have sought to avoid
such a degree of editorial control as to destroy the individuality of the contributions,
and the judgements upon which they were based. We have also sought to look both
backwards and forwards, and to include some legitimate extension of the con
sideration of thermosensitivity and thermoregulation into such areas as climatic
adaptation and fever. Hence the "greater or lesser" of the closeness of this series of
papers to HERBERT HENSEL'S scientific interests.
When the typescripts reached Marburg it was evident that the formats of the
papers were very different from each other, some being reviews, some being new
attempts to interpret the literature, and some being reports of the findings of recent
investigations in the authors' laboratories. The editors decided not to ask con
tributors to be more uniform in the scope and style of their presentations; nor to
attempt to separate the sometimes quite substantial reviews and interpretations of
recent researches from the more limited reports of recent studies, but simply to place
the contributions into what has seemed to us to be the best order for their
presentation.
The first section of the book concerns the specificity of sensors (A. IGGo) and the
updated theories, mechanisms, and models of temperature transduction into
Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research. Babraham Hall. Cambridge CB2 4AT. UK
1
2 Introduction
neuronal discharges or impulses (H.A. BRAUN et al. and K. SCHAFER et al.); a
consideration of the temperature sensitivity of the ampullae of Lorenzini in elas
mobranchs (O.N. AKOEV), the multimodality of which allows the investigation of
the electrically as well as the thermally induced responses; and a reconsideration of
the proposition that there are thermoreceptors at different depths through the skin,
and that these sensors can thereby provide the eNS with information about the heat
flow through the thermal gradient between the body core and the environment (K.P.
IVANOV). The last paper in this section concerns evidence of an effect of neu
ropeptides on temperature-sensitive neurons within the preoptic hypothalamic
region of the brain (H. SCHMID and F.K. PIERAU). Not only modulation of
temperature sensitivity of warm- and cold-sensitive neurons was demonstrated in
response to bombesin application but even temperature-insensitive units were
turned into warm-sensitive ones. Similar changes may be caused by pyrogens,
hormones, and drugs.
Section 2 is principally concerned with the afferent neural projections from
thermoreceptors (E.R. PERL), and the processing in afferent pathways as they pass
up the eNS towards the afferent! efferent interface (R.F. HELLON). It also considers
the neural basis of sensation generally, and of temperature sensations particularly
(E. JYVASJARVI, K.-D. KNIFFKI, M.K.C. MENGEL and A. STIEFENHOFER; T.
JARVILEHTO; R. DUCLAUX, and J.W.WOODBURY and P.R. BURGESS). The last of
these contributions provides a remarkable glimpse at the possibility that the
patterns of conscious perception of cutaneous thermal stimuli can be explained in
terms of the organizational sequences and properties of neurons in the afferent
pathways.
The question of whether the intensities and durations of conscious perception,
which mayor may not be essential for the formulation of appropriate behavioral
responses, can be measured and considered with the same degree of objectivity as
can the relations between thermal disturbances and autonomic thermoregulatory
responses, was a matter of some concern to HERBERT HENSEL. To some extent, at
least, the neuronal model of thermal disturbance and conscious perception by E.R.
PERL gives reason to hope that in time it will be possible to show ultimately, even for
conscious sensations, a neurophysiological correlate in the eNS.
The consideration of consciousness in terms of physiology generally, and neu
rophysiology particularly, compels the trespass upon areas of scholarship generally
considered to belong more of philosophy than physiology (Section 3). Mindful of
HERBERT HENSEL'S abiding interest in this as yet largely unsurveyed hinterland
between the functions ofc ells in the eNS and the generation of conscious perception
(and thence onward to thought process), it seems appropriate to place the philo
sophical consideration of the language necessary for the formulation of scientific
theories of perception (P. JANICH) at this juncture in the ordering of the papers.
Section 4 concerns temperature regulation and the increasing evidence of the
interaction of this with other homeostatic functions and, indeed, with many other
concurrent functions controlled by the eNS. The first paper, by J. BLIGH, is intended
to be a synthetic overview of mammalian thermoregulation in which the attempt is
made to consider the central interface between the afferent pathways from ther
mosensors and the efferent pathways to thermoregulatory effectors in terms of the
Introduction 3
successional actions of cells upon cells. Ultimately, it is argued, any component
system of multicellular existence must be expressible in terms of sequences of
environmental influences upon cells, with all but the initial environmental influence
upon specific sensors being created by other cells within the organism. Embodied in
this thesis is the accepted principle that the essential central nervous function of
integration of the many concurrent sensor-effector activities is achieved by con
verging and diverging excitatory and inhibitory influences. Thus viewed, inter
action between homeostatic functions generally, and between these and other
activities involving the CNS, are not only likely to occur, but are virtually inevitable
occurrences.
That both engineered and biological regulation depend upon the negative
feedback of disturbance correction activities upon the disturbance sensors is now
widely acknowledged. In the next paper, H.T. HAMMEL introduces his evidence for
positive feedback as well as negative feedback. At each synapse on a feedforward
pathway from disturbance sensors to correction effectors, there will almost certainly
be the summed effects of converging excitatory inputs as well as those of inhibitory
ones. The question raised by HAMMEL is whether the evidence of magnified
responses to stimuli and/or ofs ustained effector activity after stimulation has ceased
is the consequence of positive feedback from the effector activity, or upon some
other facilitation of synaptic gating on sensor-to-effector pathway such as occurs in
synaptic facilitation. This, no doubt, will be a matter of continuing investigation and
debate.
While it may be necessary, as a stepping-stone towards an understanding of the
nature of the CNS generally, and of home other my particularly, to consider receptor
responses to temperature, and the projection of the response by neuronal impulses
in a somewhat simplistic way (see, for example, J. BLIGH), reality is almost certainly
based upon much more complex patterns of signals in afferent pathways. Evidence
for some of this complexity in the temperature/signal relations of thermor eceptors
and the input/output relations of the thermoregulatory system is provided by
C. JESSEN and G. KUHNEN, while E. SIMON and P. NOLTE shed light upon the inter
dependence of thermal and nonthermal regulatory processes in their considera
tion of thermo-and osmo-regulation in the duck; and W. RAUTENBERG details aspects
of the control of cardiorespiration during shivering thermogenesis in pigeons.
Section 5 covers aspects of adaptive modification of temperature regulation by
processes of acclimatization to seasonal changes in the natural climate, and ac
climation to changes in the ambient temperature in the laboratory. It should be
noted that the terminology employed in this section is that recommended in the
Glossary of Terms for Thermal PhYSiology (Pfliigers Archiv, 1987,410:567-587).
There is no etymological distinction between acclimatization and acclimation, but it
is now conventional in environmental and thermal physiology to use the two forms
to distinguish between field studies in a natural environment and laboratory studies
in which only one component of the environment is varied. There is no composite
term other than adaptation to cover observations made under both field and
laboratory conditions. Adaptation is a much more global word which encompasses
both genotypic and phenotypic changes induced by climatic variations and many
other environmental forces.