Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Engineering Applications

421 Pages·2018·36.69 MB·English

by  William C. Reynolds, Piero Colonna

Thermodynamics
Fundamentals and Engineering Applications
This concise text provides an essential treatment Society in 1992. He was universally recognized as a
of thermodynamics and a discussion of the basic gifted and original educator. He wrote several books,
principles built on an intuitive description of the some on thermodynamics.
microscopic behavior of matter. Aimed at a range
of courses in mechanical and aerospace engineering, Piero Colonna is Professor and Chair of Propul-
the presentation explains the foundations valid at sion and Power at Delft University of Technology,
the macroscopic level in relation to what happens where he has been teaching Thermodynamics and
at the microscopic level, relying on intuitive and Modelling and Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems
visual explanations which are presented with engag- since 2002. He completed his master’s degree (1991)
ing cases. With ad hoc, real-world examples related in aerospace engineering at Politecnico di Milano,
also to current and future renewable energy con- obtained a master’s degree in mechanical engineering
version technologies and two well-known programs from Stanford University (1995) and a doctoral degree
used for thermodynamic calculations,FLUIDPROPand again from Politecnico di Milano (1996). In 2005, he
STANJAN, this text provides students with a rich and became the recipient of the VIDI personal grant of
engaging learning experience. the Dutch Science Foundation (NWO) for his research
on the gas dynamics of dense vapours and supercrit-
William C. Reynolds (1933–2004) was a renowned ical fluids. He is also a recognized world expert of
and exceptionally creative scientist who special- Organic Rankine Cycle and Supercritical CO2 power
ized in turbulent flow and computational fluid systems (renewable thermal energy conversion), and
dynamics. However, his competence spanned many a pioneer of Non Ideal Compressible Fluid Dynamics
areas of fluid mechanics and of mechanical engi- (NICFD). He served as the Chairman of the Board of
neering in general. He completed his bachelor’s the International Gas Turbine Institute (2015-2017),
(1954), master’s (1955), and doctoral (1957) degrees and is advisor to the Board of the Global Power and
at Stanford. Reynolds chaired the Department of Propulsion Society. He was also Associate Editor of
Mechanical Engineering from 1972 to 1982 and the ASME Journal for Engineering of Gas Turbines
from 1989 to 1992. Pioneer in large eddy simu- and Power, and is currently Associate Editor of the
lation for fluid modeling, he was elected to the Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society.
National Academy of Engineering in 1979. He His talent as lecturer is testified by the Best MSc.
won the Fluid Engineering Award of the Ameri- Lecturer Award in Sustainable Energy Technology and
can Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1989 and Fluid Mechanicswhich he received twice in 2010 and
the Otto Laporte Award by the American Physical 2012.
Building on Bill Reynolds’ classic book,Engineering Thermodynamics, this textbook offers a unique approach to
teaching thermodynamics based on the understanding of simple physical principles. It will be of great benefit
to future engineers tackling tough problems in energy.
– Tim Lieuwen,Georgia Tech.
An excellent textbook for undergraduate and graduate students, and good reference for practicing mechanical
engineers. The book’s strength is in its simplification of the science of thermodynamics and the listing of its
practical applications.
– Hany Moustapha,University of Québec
A textbook that could be entitled “Lean thermodynamics” because it explains the core of this science by
employing an effective and essential language and providing the fundamental concepts as they are needed. It
focuses on topics and applications that are indispensable in facing today’s challenges in energy, mechanical
and aerospace engineering.
– Gianluca Valenti,Politecnico di Milano
This book is a must-have for students, academics and engineers working with thermodynamics. The authors
present the foundations of thermodynamics by linking the beautiful formality of primary laws to a sharp
description of the underlying microscopic world. Thermodynamics professionals and enthusiasts will keep
this book within reach as an insightful reference.
– Alberto Guardone,Politecnico di Milano
The authors have taken care in clearly articulating the requisite topics for engineering students in a very
engaging manner. The book will be an important resource for students in the classroom as well as into the
future as they become practicing engineers.
– Karen A. Thole,Pennsylvania State University
The authors of this superb text have set out to present “the very few concepts of classical thermodynamics,
in a much more essential treatment”. Not overburdened with the inclusion of numerous repetitive examples,
this book presents the basic concepts of energy and entropy in a simple equation form. The text is eminently
suited for engineering undergraduate and first-year graduate level courses.
– Lee S. Langston,University of Connecticut
This comprehensive textbook of thermodynamics is strongly backed by plentiful educational experiences of
the authors. It realizes that the fundamental concepts naturally connect to the practical consideration and
understanding of real thermal systems, including modern engineering applications.
– Toshinori Watanabe,University of Tokyo
Thermodynamics
Fundamentals and Engineering Applications

William C. Reynolds
Stanford University, USA
Piero Colonna
Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
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79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906
Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.
It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521862738
DOI:10.1017/9781139050616
© Cambridge University Press 2018
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2018
Reprinted 2018
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A.
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Reynolds, William C., 1933–2004, author. | Colonna, Piero, author.
Title: Thermodynamics. Fundamentals and engineering applications /
William Reynolds, Piero Colonna, Delft University of Technology
Description: New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press, [2017]
Identifiers: LCCN 2017025042 | ISBN 9780521862738 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Thermodynamics. | Engineering mathematics.
Classification: LCC QC311 .R423 2017 | DDC 536/.7–dc23
LC record available athttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017025042
ISBN 978-0-521-86273-8 Hardback
Additional resources for this publication atwww.cambridge.org/Reynolds
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
In memory of
Professor William Craig Reynolds
and
Professor Gianfranco Angelino,
Masters
To Mirella, Flavia, and Giulia, the lights of my life.
P. C.
CONTENTS
The SI unit system 9
Primary quantities 9
Standards for the primary
Preface pagexvii quantities 10
Remembering Bill Reynolds xx The SI mass unit 10
Acknowledgments xxi Secondary quantities 10
Role of Newton’s law 10
1 Introduction 1 Non-uniqueness of SI 10
1.1 What is Thermodynamics? 1 US Customary FLT System 11
Basic principles 1 USGC system 11
Microscopic and macroscopic How to deal with withgc 11
views 1 Alternative systems 11
Entropy 2 Multiples and prefixes 12
Our approach 2 Unit conversion 12
1.2 Accounting for the Basic Example: unit conversion 13
Quantities 2 Example: determining unit
Production accounting 2 equivalents 13
Exercises 14
Rate-basis production accounting 3
Basic principles 3
Alternative balance equations 3 2 Energy 16
1.3 Analysis Methodology 4 2.1 Concept of Energy 16
How to be systematic 4 The Energy Hypothesis 16
Make your analysis readable! 4 2.2 Microscopic Energy Modes 17
1.4 Concepts from Mechanics 4 Translational energy 17
Conservation of momentum 4 Rotational energy 17
Mass 5 Vibrational energy 17
Force 5 Lattice energy 17
Newton’s law 6 Electronic bonding energy 17
Gravitation 6 Nuclear bonding energy 18
Inertial frames 6 2.3 Internal Energy 18
Momentum analysis methodology 6 2.4 Total Energy 18
Example: being systematic 7 2.5 Energy Transfer as Work 18
1.5 Mechanical Concepts of Macroscopic work 19
Energy 7 Work done by an expanding gas 19
Work 7 Example: isobaric expansion in a
Kinetic energy 8 piston–cylinder 19
Potential energy 8 Example: expansion in a piston–
Power 8 cylinder with prescribed
1.6 Dimensions and Unit Systems 9 pressure variation 19
Eventually you will need numbers 9 Work for a polytropic process 20
x Contents
2.6 Energy Transfer as Heat 20 3.4 The State Principle 36
Heat and internal energy 20 Changing the thermodynamic
Temperature 21 state 36
Heat transfer mechanisms 21 Reversible work modes 36
Adiabatic boundaries 21 The State Principle 37
Heat exchangers 21 Application to a simple
Heat, work, and entropy 21 compressible substance 37
Vestiges of caloric theory 21 Application to a ferrofluid 37
2.7 Energy Balances 22 3.5 States of a Simple
Energy balance methodology 22 Compressible Substance 38
Importance of system boundaries 22 Liquid and vapor states 38
Sign convention 22 Saturation pressure and
Notation for energy accumulation 22 temperature, and normal
First Law of Thermodynamics 23 boiling point 38
2.8 Examples 23 Critical point 39
Gas compression 23 Saturation lines, vapor dome 39
Heat pump 24 Solid and liquid states 39
Detailed heat pump cycle analysis 25 Triple point 40
Exercises 28 P−v−T surface 40
T−P phase diagram 40
3 Properties and States 32 Multiple solid phases 40
3.1 Concepts of Property and 3.6 Thermodynamic Property Data 40
State 32 Internal energy 40
Properties 32 Enthalpy 41
States 32 Saturation tables 41
Intensive and extensive properties 33 Properties in the vapor–liquid
Thermodynamic properties and equilibrium region 41
state 33 Example: properties for a state in
Equilibrium states 33 vapor–liquid equilibrium 41
Fixing a thermodynamic state 33 Example: properties for a
3.2 Pressure 34 superheated state 42
Pressure at a solid boundary 34 Thermodynamic property charts 42
Pressure within a fluid 34 Properties software 42
Pressure is isotropic 34 3.7 Derivative Properties 43
Pressure in a fluid at rest is Isobaric compressibility 43
uniform in horizontal Isothermal compressibility 43
planes 34 Specific heat at constant volume 43
Hydrostatic pressure 35 Specific heat at constant pressure 44
Atmospheric pressure 35 Specific heat ratio 44
Gauge and absolute pressure 35 3.8 The Ideal (or Perfect) Gas 44
3.3 Temperature 35 Definition 44
Temperature concept 35 Conditions for ideal gas behavior 45
Empirical temperature scales 35 Energy of an ideal gas 45
Constant-volume gas Enthalpy for an ideal gas 45
thermometer 35 Specific heats for an ideal gas 45
Absolute temperature 36 Air as an ideal gas 45
Contents xi
3.9 A Microscopic Model for the Energy balance on the control
Ideal Gas 45 mass 55
Pressure in an ideal gas 46 Energy balance on the control
Temperature of an ideal gas 46 volume 55
Internal energy of a monatomic Flow work 56
ideal gas 46 Enthalpy and mass-associated
Enthalpy of a monatomic ideal energy transfer 56
gas 47 Enthalpy does not accumulate! 56
Specific heats of a monatomic Energy balance, rate basis 56
ideal gas 47 Steady-state assumption 56
3.10 Extensions to Polyatomic Ideal Multiple inputs and outputs 56
Gases 47 4.4 General Methodology for
Equipartition model 47 Energy Analysis 57
Diatomic molecules 47 Importance of system boundaries 57
Complex molecules 47 Unsteady-state balances 57
Exercises 48 4.5 Example: Supersonic Nozzle 57
Idealizations 57
4 Control Volume Energy Analysis 50 Mass balance 58
4.1 Control Mass and Control Energy balance 58
Volume 50 Energy balance per unit mass 58
Control mass 50 Further simplification 58
Control volume 50 4.6 Example: Hydraulic Turbine 58
4.2 Example of Flow System Idealizations 59
Analysis: Tank Charging 51 Mass balance 59
The system 51 Energy balance 59
Control volume and control mass 51 Control volume energy change 60
Mass balance on the control mass 51 Friction effects 60
Mass balance on the control Power output and design
volume 52 calculations 60
Energy balance on the control 4.7 Example of System Analysis:
mass 52 Heat Pump 60
Energy balance on the control The system 60
volume 52 Operating conditions 61
Enthalpy and mass-associated Common idealizations 61
energy transfer 53 Heat exchanger process model 62
Energy accumulation in the Compressor analysis 62
control volume 53 Condenser analysis 62
4.3 Generalized Control Volume Coefficient of performance 63
Energy Analysis 53 Sizing the system 63
The device 53 Valve analysis 63
The control volume 53 Evaporator analysis 63
The control mass 54 Overall energy balance check 64
Mass balance on the control mass 54 4.8 Example with Unsteady and
Mass balance, rate basis 54 Moving Control Volume:
Energy transfers across the control Rocket 64
mass boundary 55 Relevant velocities 64