Thermodynamics and Energy Systems Analysis: Volume 2, Solved Problems and Exercises

528 Pages·2012·7.684 MB·\528

by  Lucien Borel (Author), Daniel Favrat (Author), Dinh Lan Nguyen (Author), Magdi Batato (Author)

Couv_Favrat_exercice_Couverture 13.12.11 11:34 Page1
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Titre_Favrat_exercice_Titre 17.11.11 14:41 Page1
THERMODYNAMICS AND
ENERGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Titre_Favrat_exercice_Titre 17.11.11 14:41 Page3
Engineering Sciences Mechanical Engineering
THERMODYNAMICS AND
ENERGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
SOLVED PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES
Lucien Borel, Daniel Favrat,
Dinh Lan Nguyen, Magdi Batato
EPFL Press
A Swiss academic publisher distributed by CRC Press
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Preface
Thiscollectionofexercisesisthecompanionvolumetothetextbookpublished
with the same title, Thermodynamics and Energy Systems Analysis, by Lucien
Borel and Daniel Favrat. With these exercises, we aim to illustrate the basic
concepts of phenomenological thermodynamics and to successfully guide the
student from the theory to the ability to solve increasingly concrete problems.
In this work the ambition has been to present a clear, precise and efficient
methodologythatcanbeappliedtosolveproblemsthatemergefromapractical
approach to thermodynamics and energy systems analysis, in particular when
dealing with the vast domain of industrial applications. Lecturers, students
and engineers working in the energy field will all find these exercises to be a
valuable source of insight.
The book consists of a collection of some 200 solved problems, or exercises
with numerical answers, each of them being self-contained. This presentation
does lead to some repetition, particularly among the hypotheses and the data
fields, but has the advantage of allowing the reader to tackle each problem
independently.
Thesolvedproblemssystematicallyincludethefollowingsections: Description-
Hypotheses–Data–Questions–Solution. Theyareillustratedwithnumerous
figures, diagrams, and numerical tables. The range of hypotheses and data
are always presented in the same order, and the solutions are described in a
detailed and rigorous manner. The companion textbook remains the reference
pointforalltheexercises;themethodsandapproachesusedinthedevelopment
of solutions, as well as all terminology and nomenclature, are based on those
developed in the first volume. The two separate volumes are linked through
detailedreferencesandbyreferringtothenumberingsystemofthefirstvolume
forchapters,sections,equations,figures,etc. Theobjectivemetwiththesolved
problems is to show, in detail, the most logical way to address the questions,
to efficiently develop the solutions and to clearly present the results. The
exerciseswithnumericalanswersareincludedinthesamesectionsasthesolved
problems, but the full solutions are not presented. These exercises are for
homework, with the numerical answers available to allow self-checking at the
end of the calculation. This presentation makes it easier for teachers to use
these unsolved exercises as the basis for a certain number of problems, while
ensuring that the students do their personal work.
Ourhopeisthatthereaderwillbeinspiredbytheconstantquestforcoherence,
which we feel is urgently needed if we want to seriously address the crucial
problems related to our use of energy for the present and future generations.
Thermodynamics is complex, but starting with a coherent nomenclature and
methodology provides the best framework for comprehension.
vi Preface
Acknowledgements
This new edition, entirely reviewed and extended, is the result of the work
of three successive teams. We therefore would first like to thank the main
contributors to the first editions (only in French): Andr´e Tastavi, Georges
Yanni, Pierre Matthey and Stefan Heyne for the scientific part, Jean-Fran¸cois
Casteu for the drawings, and Brigitte Gabioud as well as Suzanne Zahnd and
Marie-H´el`ene Gellis for the page composition, and Christophe Borlat for the
coordination. The main contributors to the present edition in English are
Stefan Heyne, who assisted with the scientific part and the preparation of the
solution files; Mathieu Marechal for the figure editing; Jakob Rager for editing
andproofreadingofthetext;NicolasBorbo¨enforthemainandfinalediting;as
wellasFrederickFenterforthetranslationcheckandthegeneralcoordination.
Our gratitude also goes to our colleague Emmanuel Mooser who contributed
to the English translation of Volume I.
Convention
The present book is structured in 15 chapters defined with the same number
asthecorrespondingchaptersofVolumeI.Eachchapterincludes“solvedprob-
lems” followed by “exercises with only answers” defined with the number of
chapter followed by a dot and a capital letter (7.A, 7.B, ...).
Figures are numbered by chapter and defined by two numbers, the first one
being the chapter number. All figures from Volume I are referred to with the
indication (Vol. I).
The sign ˆ of the relative entities like uˆ is omitted to simplify in the numerical
tables and thermodynamic diagrams.
The numerical results shown are rounded, even though the calculations have
been done with higher precision. It can therefore happen that the numerical
valuesshowndonotexactlycorrespondtothesameresultdonewithpreviously
rounded values.
The section titles of problems and exercises, as well as the titles of the corre-
sponding sub sections in the solutions to the questions are in bold fonts.
Important note
Teachers using this book can obtain a free Excel file that includes the cal-
culated solutions to all problems and exercises by addressing a request to
daniel.favrat@epfl.ch, or to the publisher (ppur@epfl.ch).
Tribute to a great thermodynamicist
Professor Lucien Borel
Professor Lucien Borel was professor of thermodynamics at the department of
Mechanical Engineering of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lau-
sanne (Ecole Polytechnique F´ed´erale de Lausanne) from 1954 to 1988. He was
a leading figure, highly considered in particular for his concern for rigor and
ethics. He also was a great humanist, open-minded and particularly found of
esthetics. An excellent speaker, he prepared his lectures and conferences with
great care. “Thermodynamics, energetics and mutation in the evolution of the
living world”was the title of his retirement lecture given in 1988. Any speech
should have a main message running through it, and his was based on the
following four elements of an electrical conductivity analogy:
The first two elements are the iron and silver (cables) similar to the First and
Second Laws of thermodynamics.
The third is gold, symbol of the evolution, a notion that is more subtle to grasp.
And the Fourth is diamond, like the human, that is much more mysterious.
One can see in this analogy of the both simple and multiple a trace of the
complex personality of Lucien Borel, an intellectual with passion. Very early
in his career Lucien Borel devoted himself to thermodynamics and energetics
with the constant care for coherence, consistency and logic that would be later
illustrated by most of his well-thought formulations. In the French speaking
world, he was one of the most active promoters of exergy theory, with which
he proposed an original structuring of the various balances and efficiencies
extendedtonon-steady-stateoperations. Hedevelopedthepromisingconcepts
oftheso-calledfundamentalequations,aswellasthatoftransformationenergy
and transformation exergy, to cite only some of his original and successful
contributions. Inadditiontohisscientificoutput,manygenerationsofstudents
have been impressed by his strong personality and force of conviction, as well
as his masterpiece, the earlier version in French of the book Thermodynamique
et ´energ´etique that received the Sadi Carnot and the Roberval awards.
It was a privilege for me to closely collaborate with him on the updating,
reviewing, extending and translating of his original books; as it has been an
honor to carry his legacy to new audiences. Let us hope that the translated
versions of both volumes will satisfy the most demanding among our readers.
Professor Daniel Favrat,
November 4, 2011
(Based on the original tribute of October 2007)
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Contents
Preface v
Tribute to a great thermodynamicist Professor Lucien Borel vii
Chapter 1 Generalities and fundamental laws 1
1.A Cooling of a copper piece .............................1
1.B Shock of a container against a wall....................3
1.C Work transfer relative to a closed system..............6
1.D Mechanical power of a steam turbine..................7
1.E Water power brake....................................9
1.F Irreversibility in a cooled compressor.................10
1.G Irreversibility in a heat transmitter (heat exchanger).12
1.H Cooling at constant pressure.........................14
1.I Oxidation of glucose.................................15
1.J Work and heat transfer relative to a closed system....16
1.K Car battery..........................................17
1.L Slowing down of a car................................17
1.M Irreversibility during heating.........................18
Chapter 2 Closed systems and general thermodynamic relations 21
2.A Polytropic compression ..............................21
2.B Thermal factors......................................23
2.C Polytropic factor.....................................24
2.D Isochoric specific heat................................26
2.E Entropy change of a gas..............................27
2.F Enthalpy and entropy changes of a liquid.............29
2.G Shock of a sphere in freefall..........................31
2.H Fundamental relations between state functions.......33
2.I Compression of oxygen according to different paths...35
2.J Compression of air under different conditions.........39
2.K Filling of a bottle....................................45
2.L Expansion without dissipation........................46
2.M Experiment of Torricelli..............................47
2.N Relations of Maxwell.................................48
2.O Isothermal compression..............................49
Chapter 3 Balances of extensive entities 51
3.A Water dispenser......................................51