Thermodynamics and Ecological Modelling PDF
Preview Thermodynamics and Ecological Modelling
Thermodynamics and Ecological Modelling ENVIRONMENTAL and ECOLOGICAL MODELLING Series Editor: S.E. J0rgensen HandbookofEnvironmentalandEcologicalModelling S.E. Jsz;rgensen, TheRoyalDanishSchoolofPharmacy, Section ofEnvironmentalChemistry, Copenhagen, Denmark B. Halling-Ssz;rensen,Institute ofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering, The Technical University ofDenmark, Copenhagen, Denmark S.N. Nielsen, The RoyalDanishSchoolofPharmacy, Section ofEnvironmentalChemistry, Copenhagen, Denmark HandbookofEstimationMethodsin EcotoxicologyandEnvironmentalChemistry S.E. Jsz;rgensen, TheRoyalDanishSchoolofPharmacy, Section ofEnvironmentalChemistry, Copenhagen, Denmark B. Halling-Ssz;rensen, Institute ofEnvironmentalScience andEngineering, The Technical University ofDenmark, Copenhagen, Denmark H. Mahler, Software Developer, Copenhagen, Denmark HandbookofEcosystemTheoriesandManagement S.E. Jsz;rgensen, TheRoyalDanishSchoolofPharmacy, Section ofEnvironmentalChemistry, Copenhagen, Denmark F. Milller, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany ThermodynamicsandEcologicalModelling S.E. Jsz;rgensen, The RoyalDanishSchoolofPharmacy, Section ofEnvironmentalChemistry, Copenhagen, Denmark Thermodynamics and Ecological Modelling Edited by S.E. J0rgensen LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Thermodynamicsandecological modelling / editedbySvenE. J~rgensen. p. cm. (Environmentalandecologicalmodeling) Includesbibliographical references. ISBN 13:978-1-56670-272-0 1.Ecology. 2.Thermodynamics. I. J¢rgensen, SvenErik, 1934-II. Series. QH541 .T493 2000 577'.14-dc21 00-039127 CIP Thisbookcontainsinformationobtainedfromauthenticandhighlyregardedsources.Reprintedmaterial isquotedwithpermission,andsourcesareindicated.Awidevarietyofreferencesarelisted.Reasonable effortshavebeenmadetopublishreliabledataandinformation,buttheauthorandthepublishercannot assumeresponsibilityforthe validityofall materialsorfortheconsequencesoftheiruse. Neitherthisbooknoranypartmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, orbyany information storage or retrieval system,withoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromthe publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopiedispaiddirectlytoCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923 USA. The fee code for u.sers of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 1-56670-272 0/011$0.00+$.50. The fee is subjecttochangewithoutnotice. Fororganizationsthathavebeengranted aphotocopylicensebythe CCC, aseparatesystemofpaymenthasbeenarranged. TheconsentofCRCPressLLCdoes notextend tocopyingforgeneral distribution, for promotion,for creatingnewworks,orforresale.SpecificpermissionmustbeobtainedinwritingfromCRCPressLLC forsuchcopying. DirectallinquiriestoCRCPressLLC,2000N.W. CorporateBlvd., BocaRaton,Florida33431. TrademarkNotice: Product orcorporate names may be trademarks orregistered trademarks, and are usedonlyforidentificationandexplanation,withoutintenttoinfringe. © 2001 byCRCPressLLC Lewis Publishersis animprintofCRCPressLLC Noclaimtooriginal U.S. Governmentworks InternationalStandardBookNumber 1-56670-272-0 LibraryofCongressCardNumber00-039127 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printedon acid-freepaper Preface Thermodynamicsisaholistic science,anditisthereforewell suitedto.givedescriptionsofsystems, including the most complex systems ofall, namely, ecosystems. Thermodynamics can give a very useful description of, for instance, 1028 molecules in a room by use ofa few equations - a much more useful description than if we measure (determine) the velocity and the place of all 1028 molecules.Itisthereforenotsurprisingthatseveralsystemecologistshaveappliedthermodynamics to obtain a deeper understanding ofhow ecosystems are working as systems. During the last two decades ofthe20thcentury, several thermodynamicallybasedhypotheses in systemsecology were published and their interpretations have been compared with other theories in systems ecology, which are based on other scientific approaches, for instance, network theory, hierarchy theory, cybernetics, chaos theory, and so on. It is the aim of this volume to present the entire (or rather almost the entire) spectrum of different thermodynamically based ecosystem theories and hypotheses to facilitate comparisons andinterpretations ofthe various applications ofthermodynamics in systemsecology. Thereaders, as I, will probably find thatthe various hypotheses to acertain extent areconsistent. They uncover differentpropertiesoftheverycomplexecosystemsasaresultoftheuseofslightlydifferentangles in the approaches. The various theories and hypotheses are therefore complementary and are all needed to be able to give a more complete description ofthe very complex ecosystems. Thechapters representawide spectrumofdifferent thermodynamic approaches, althoughthey all, ofcourse, are based on the First through Third Laws ofThermodynamics. As it is not the aim to present a textbook on the application ofthermodynamics in ecology, all authors have presented their ideas with their own scientific language. I have not, as editor, tried to homogenise the expressions and the languages, but have emphasised the authors' rights to present their ideas uncensored. The editorial work has been limited to ask the authors to clarify certain points and statements whichthereaders otherwiseprobably couldn'tunderstand sufficiently well. In addition, I have written a summary ofabout one page for each chapter. I have emphasised what I see as the essential points in the chapters and/or how I see the content ofthe chapter is consistent with the other chapters. In each introduction I present an aphorism which attempts to summarise a part of the result in the chapter. All the aphorisms are translated from Danish aphorisms composed by F. Somogyi. It is hoped these short introductions to each chapter will demonstrate the scope ofthis book and make the reading ofthis theoretically difficult material easier to understand. I would like to thank James Kay and S~ren Nors Nielsen for the many fruitful discussions we have had during the preparation ofthe book. James Kay has been very open on a few occasions to discuss the content in detail. I am also grateful to Gerti Rosenfeld, for her professional transfer ofthe manuscript. Contributors IchiroAoki S.A. L. M. Kooijman Department ofSystems Engineering Department ofTheoretical Biology Faculty ofEngineering Vrije Universiteit de Boelelaan ShizuokaUniversity Amsterdam, The Netherlands Hamamatsu, Japan Ramon Margalef Hartmut Bossel University ofBarcelona Zierenberg, Germany Barcelona, Spain Mark T. Brown R. M. Nisbet Environmental Engineering Sciences Department ofEcology and Evolution and Center for Wetlands and Marine Biology University ofFlorida University ofCalifornia Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. Lionel Johnson Yuri M. Svirezhev Sidney, British Columbia, Canada PIK- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research Sven E. J0rgensen Potsdam, Germany Royal Danish School ofPharmacy Department ofEnvironmental Chemistry Sergio Ulgiati Copenhagen, Denmark Department ofChemistry University ofSiena Siena, Italy Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ~ 1 Sven E. J¢rgensen Chapter 2 Exosomatic Structures and Captive Energies Relevant in Succession and Evolution 3 Ramon Margalef Chapter 3 How Light and NutrientsAffect Life in a Closed Bottle 17 S. A. L. M. Kooijman and R. M. Nisbet Chapter 4 EmergyAccounting ofHuman-Dominated, Large-Scale Ecosystems 61 Sergio Ulgiati andMark T. Brown Chapter 5 Thermodynamics and Theory ofStability 115 Yuri M. Svirezhev Chapter 6 Application ofThermodynamic Concepts to Real Ecosystems: Anthropogenic Impact andAgriculture 133 Yuri M. Svirezhev Chapter 7 The Thermodynamic Concept: Exergy 153 Sven E. J¢rgensen Chapter 8 Entropy and the Exergy Principles in Living Systems 165 Ichiro Aoki Chapter 9 Exergy and the Emergence ofMultidimensional System Orientation 191 Hartmut Bossel Chapter 10 Thermodynamics and Ecology: Farfrom Thermodynamic Equilibrium 211 Yuri M. Svirezhev
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