Table Of ContentThermal and Nonthermal
Encapsulation Methods
Advances in Drying Science & Technology
Series Editor: Arun S. Mujumdar
PUBLISHED TITLES
Thermal and Nonthermal Encapsulation Methods
Magdalini K. Krokida
Intermittent and Nonstationary Drying Technologies:
Principles and Applications
Azharul Karim and Chung-Lim Law
Handbook of Drying of Vegetables and Vegetable Products
Min Zhang, Bhesh Bhandari, and Zhongxiang Fang
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Spray Dryers:
An Engineer’s Guide
Vasile Minea
Advances in Heat Pump-Assisted Drying Technology
Vasile Minea
Thermal and Nonthermal
Encapsulation Methods
Edited by
Magdalini K. Krokida
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Krokida, Magdalini K., editor.
Title: Thermal and nonthermal encapsulation methods / editor, Magdalini K.
Krokida.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. | Series:
Advances in drying science & technology | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017026591| ISBN 9781138035430 (hardback : acid-free paper)
| ISBN 9781315267883 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Food--Drying. | Freeze-drying.
Classification: LCC TP371.5 .T45 2017 | DDC 664/.0284--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017026591
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Dedication
To Despoina Krokida and Maria-Despoina Stefanakis
Contents
Preface. ......................................................................................................................ix
Editor .........................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ............................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Principles and Applications of Encapsulation Technologies
to Food Materials ..................................................................................1
Ioannis Mourtzinos and Costas G. Biliaderis
Chapter 2 Freeze Drying and Microwave Freeze Drying as Encapsulation
Methods ..............................................................................................39
Vasiliki P. Oikonomopoulou and Magdalini K. Krokida
Chapter 3 Encapsulation Methods: Spray Drying, Spray Chilling and Spray
Cooling ........................................................................................................67
Maciej Jaskulski, Abdolreza Kharaghani, and Evangelos Tsotsas
Chapter 4 Electro-Hydrodynamic Processes (Electrospinning and
Electrospraying): Nonthermal Processes for Micro- and
Nanoencapsulation ...........................................................................115
M.A. Busolo, S. Castro, and J.M. Lagaron
Chapter 5 Extrusion for Microencapsulation ....................................................137
Andriana Lazou and Magdalini K. Krokida
Chapter 6 Osmotic Dehydration and Combined Processes for Tissue
Modification and Selective Ingredient Impregnation and
Encapsulation ...................................................................................173
E. Dermesonlouoglou, P. Taoukis, and M. Giannakourou
Chapter 7 Other Technologies for Encapsulation (Air Suspension Coating,
Pan Coating, and Vacuum Drying) ...................................................203
Panagiota Eleni and Magdalini K. Krokida
Chapter 8 Industry-Relevant Encapsulation Technologies for Food
and Functional Food Production ......................................................221
Drvenica Ivana, Đorđević Verica, Trifković Kata, Balanč Bojana,
Lević Steva, Bugarski Branko, and Nedović Viktor
Index ......................................................................................................................265
vii
Preface
Encapsulation is a topic of interest in a wide range of scientific and industrial areas
for the protection and controlled release of various substances. Its application varies
from pharmaceutics and nutraceuticals to agriculture. Since encapsulated materials
can be protected from external conditions, encapsulation enhances their stability and
maintains their viability. Various methods for encapsulation have been established,
characterized by both advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the operating
conditions and the raw materials of each process, products with varying characteris-
tics and final properties are developed.
In this book, a comprehensive review of various techniques used for encapsulation
is presented. Various thermal and nonthermal encapsulation methods (freeze dry-
ing and microwave freeze drying; spray drying, spray chilling, and spray cooling;
electrospinning and electrospraying; extrusion; osmotic dehydration; air suspension
coating; pan coating; vacuum drying) that are applied in various industries are pre-
sented. The fundamentals, principles, and applications of each method together with
the current state of the art are presented in detail. The book comprises a methodologi-
cal approach that could contribute to the design of novel products and processes.
Each chapter contains figures, tables, illustrations, and examples of the application of
each studied method, leading to increased understanding of these processes.
Chapter 1 describes, in general, the most commonly used encapsulation tech-
niques, the principles and parameters that affect encapsulation efficiency, and the
properties of the final products, as well as methods to evaluate the physicochemical
properties, structure, and function of capsules.
The following six chapters are devoted to novel and conventional encapsulation
methods. Chapter 2 reviews general principles, process parameters, types, and appli-
cations of freeze drying and microwave freeze drying. The need of drying meth-
ods for encapsulation as well as the specific principles and applications of freeze
drying encapsulation are also discussed. Microwave freeze drying is also described
as a promising encapsulation method. Chapter 3 describes and analyzes the prin-
ciples of spray drying, spray cooling, and spray chilling techniques, as well as their
various applications. In addition, spray drying, spray cooling, and spray chilling as
microencapsulation methods are extensively discussed. In Chapter 4, a review of
electrohydrodynamic processing for the micro- and nanoencapsulation of active sub-
stances and sensitive compounds is presented. The basic principles of electrohydro-
dynamic processing, the parameters affecting the processes, and their applications
are described in detail. Chapter 5 describes extrusion processes as encapsulation
methods for incorporating bioactive compounds into various food products. In
Chapter 6, the basic principles of osmotic dehydration, process parameters, mecha-
nisms, and applications are presented. Emphasis is given to novel approaches, such
as the combination of osmotic dehydration with encapsulation procedures, which
seems promising. Chapter 7 covers several physicomechanical methods, such as air-
suspension coating, pan coating, and vacuum drying, that are widely used as micro-
encapsulation techniques in many industries.
ix
