Theory to Countermeasures Against New Radars PDF
Preview Theory to Countermeasures Against New Radars
Xixiang Zhang · Kaiqi Xiao · Jie Gu Theory to Countermeasures Against New Radars Theory to Countermeasures Against New Radars · · Xixiang Zhang Kaiqi Xiao Jie Gu Theory to Countermeasures Against New Radars XixiangZhang KaiqiXiao SouthwestChinaResearchInstitute SouthwestChinaResearchInstitute ofElectronicEquipment ofElectronicEquipment Chengdu,China Chengdu,China JieGu SouthwestChinaResearchInstitute ofElectronicEquipment Chengdu,China ISBN978-981-16-6714-5 ISBN978-981-16-6715-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6715-2 JointlypublishedwithBeijingInstituteofTechnologyPress TheprinteditionisnotforsaleinChina(Mainland).CustomersfromChina(Mainland)pleaseorderthe printbookfrom:BeijingInstituteofTechnologyPress. ©BeijingInstituteofTechnologyPress2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublishers,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsofreprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageand retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknown orhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface The author has been engaged in radar countermeasure research for 60 years, and thismonographishisthirdbook.Thefirstmonograph,TheorytoCountermeasures AgainstNewRadars,waspublishedbyNationalDefenseIndustryPressinFebruary 1998,anditmainlyintroducesthejammingtechnologyofconventionalpulseradar andimprovedorpartiallyaddedanti-jammingradar.Thesecondmonograph,Elec- tronic Warfare Technology and Application in Peacetime-Radar Countermeasure, waspublishedbyElectronicIndustryPressinJanuary2005,anditmainlyintroduces themanifestationofelectronicwarfareinpeacetime.Ahostoffactsarepresentedto showthatelectronicwarfareisnotonlywidelyusedinwartime,butalsobroadlyand secretlyusedinpeacetime,andcountriesallaroundtheworldattachgreatimportance toit.Electronicwarfareis“fightingeveryday”essentially.Itshouldbeparticularly reminded that some hegemonic countries have put forward a “preemptive strike” strategy. In time of peace, when people are not paying attention, the hegemonic countries use electronic equipment and other techniques to make clear reconnais- sance of their target and then make a sudden attack, which will cause huge losses totheoppositesideormaketheoppositesideunabletoresist.Therefore,whether in peace or war, we must be vigilant at all times to prevent unexpected events. As long as we are prepared at any time, some hegemonists who “preempt” will not dare to act rashly. Only in this way can lasting peace be maintained in the world, andaharmoniousworldbeestablished.Thethirdmonograph,IntroductiontoRadar CountermeasuresintheNewSystem,mainlysummarizesmy50-yearradarcounter- measure work and explores some radar countermeasure laws. Radar has a history of practical application for more than 70 years since it worked as military equip- mentinthe1930s.RadarhasplayedagreatroleinWorldWarII.Afterthat,though no more world war happened, radar still played an important role in every local war. Radar is a clairvoyant eye, and it not detects targets only thousands of miles awaybutfarther.Withcontinuousdevelopmentofelectronictechnology,manynew radar systems have emerged, such as various systems in conventional pulse radar, pulsecompressionradar,pulse-Dopplerradar,syntheticapertureradar,phasedarray radar,frequency-agileradar,andmultipleinputmultipleoutputradar.Radarjamming comes into being with the emergence of radar and grows with the development of v vi Preface radar.Thatistosay,radarcountermeasureswerebornsincethedaywhenradarwas applied, and when radar develops a new system, jamming equipment against this newsystemalsoappears. Noradarcannotbejammed,andnojammingcannotberesisted.Fromtheanalysis ofthelawsofvariousradarsystems,wecanseethatradarandvariousradioequipment havethreecommonweaknesses: (1) Allkindsofsignalsworkinginthereceivingpassbandofradarorradioequip- mentcanbereceived,regardlessofwhethertheyaretrueorfalseandwhether theyarefromtheenemyorourselves. (2) No matter what signal processing method the radar adopts, as long as the jamming signal ratio reaches a certain threshold, it is impossible to extract usefulinformationfromthemixtureofjammingandsignal. (3) Nomatterwhatkindofantennatheradaruses,ithassidelobeswithin360°. Thesethreeweaknessesexistbecauseoftheinherentcharacteristicsofradarand radioequipment,soallkindsofradarsystemcanbeeffectivelyjammed.However, ifwewanttoachieveeffectivejamming,wemustmeetsixnecessaryconditions: (1) Aimingatthejammingfrequency; (2) The main lobe of the transmitter antenna of the jammer should aim at the jammedtarget; (3) Thejammingsuppressingtimeshouldbegenerallycontinuous; (4) Different jamming suppression coefficients are required for diverse radar systems; (5) Thespectrumwidthofthejammingsignalshouldbelargerthanthebandwidth oftheradarreceiver; (6) The polarization of the jamming signal should be consistent with that of the jammedsignal. Once meeting these conditions, one jammer can form effective suppressing jammingagainstradarswithmultiplesystemsinthesamefrequencyband,whichis called“onemachinetomultiplesystems”jammer.Ifthesesixnecessaryconditions arenotmet,thejammingeffectwilldeteriorateorbelost. Thisbookmakesaquantitativeanalysisofthejammingeffectsofvariousradar systems,includingconventionalpulseradar,pulsecompressionradar,pulse-Doppler radar, synthetic aperture radar, phased array radar, and bistatic radar, etc., and the jamming effects of these radars installed on different platforms. The bench- mark of jamming effect analysis is to evaluate the jamming effect of radars with different systems installed on various platforms, with the effective jamming areas and jamming exposure areas after jamming, or with the effective detection area decreasingpercentageafterjamming,orwiththeangletrackingerroranddistance trackingerror’ssignificantincreasesafterjamming. Inthisbook,aunifiedjammingequationforvarioussystemradarsisderivedfrom theeffectivesuppressionjammingtodifferentsystemradars.Byusingthissuitable jamming equation, the required jamming equivalent power can be calculated on conditionofdeterministiceffectivejammingareawhendifferentsystemradarsare Preface vii installed on different platforms, and then the jamming program is simplified. In theunifiedequationofradarjamming,theeffective jammingareaisrelatedtothe followingparameters: (cid:129) Radarradiationequivalentpower; (cid:129) Transmissionpulsewidth; (cid:129) Equivalentreflectionareaoftheprotectedtarget; (cid:129) Distancebetweenjammerandradar; (cid:129) Distancebetweenradarandtheprotectedtarget; (cid:129) Main/auxiliarygainratioofradarantenna; (cid:129) Transmitterfeederloss; (cid:129) Thetransmissionlossofsignalandjammingsignalinspace; (cid:129) Equivalentradiationpowerofjammer; (cid:129) Feederlossofjammingtransmitter; (cid:129) Polarizationlossofjammer; (cid:129) Ratioofspectrumwidthofjammingsignaltopassbandwidthofradarreceiver; (cid:129) Jammingblanketfactor. Therefore,therewillbesomeerrorswhencalculatingjammingsuppressionand jammingzone,sothecalculatedvalueofeffectivejammingareaexemplifiedinthe bookcanonlybeusedforreference.Ifwewanttogetmoreaccuratedata,wemust combineitwiththeactualtest. Thisbooktellsthedevelopmentofradarandradarcountermeasures.Itdetailedly describes the countermeasures and jamming effects of new system radars, the calculation of the required jamming equivalent power, the calculation of jamming blanketfactorrequiredbyradarsofdifferentsystems,andtheapplicableformulaof parameters. This book is suitable for designers engaged in radar jammers, professionals in research and production of electronic warfare, teaching staff of electronic warfare specialty, military commanders, professional operators, and military and political leadersforreference.Itcanalsohelpreadersexpandtheirknowledgeandunderstand electronicwarfare,informationwarfare,andfutureinformatizationwarfare. Chapters 1–7, 9–10 are written by the first author of this book, and the second author ofthisbookwritesChap. 8Broadband Antenna Technology. Thethirdand secondauthorshavecompiledandcorrectedthecharts,curves,andsomecontents inthisbook. viii Preface ThisbookhasreceivedtheguidanceandsupportofexpertsincludingResearcher Gaoxianwei,DeputyDirectorHetao,DeputyChiefEngineerLiyao,andDeputy DirectorLiujiang,Zhangli,keylaboratoryofnationaldefenseelectronicwarfare. At the same time, we also received specific help and support from Mu hao, Liu yinghong,Fengmei,ZhangZhongjie,andothercomrades. Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltthanksforthis! Chengdu,China XixiangZhang KaiqiXiao JieGu Contents 1 TheDevelopmentofRadarandRadarCountermeasure .......... 1 1.1 TheOverviewofRadarDevelopment ....................... 1 1.1.1 TheOriginofRadar ............................... 1 1.1.2 TheFundamentalPrincipleofRadar ................. 2 1.1.3 TheFundamentalFunctionofRadar ................. 3 1.1.4 TheBasicCompositionofRadar .................... 4 1.1.5 TheMainWeaknessofRadar ....................... 5 1.1.6 TheFrequencyofRadar ........................... 7 1.1.7 TypicalStatisticalAverageofRadarCross-Section (RCS) ........................................... 8 1.1.8 RadarAntenna ................................... 12 1.2 DevelopmentofRadarCountermeasures ..................... 14 1.2.1 DevelopmentofRadarCountermeasuresAbroad ...... 15 1.2.2 Overview of the Development of Chniese ElectronicCountermeasures ........................ 16 1.2.3 Overview of the Development of Radar CountermeasureTechnology ....................... 17 1.2.4 JammingEquationtoConventionalPulseRadar ....... 19 1.2.5 JammingtoConeScanningRadar ................... 21 1.2.6 JammingtotheHiddenCone-ScanningRadar ........ 27 1.2.7 JammingtoMonopulseTrackingRadar .............. 28 1.2.8 JammingtoFrequencyAgileRadar ................. 36 1.2.9 CountermeasureAgainstthe“AGM-45Shrike Anti-radiationMissile” ............................ 40 1.3 DevelopmentofElectronicWarfaretoInformationWarfare .... 47 1.3.1 OverviewoftheBattlefieldofInformationized Operations ....................................... 48 1.3.2 The Concept of Information Warfare andInformationizedOperations ..................... 53 1.3.3 Use “Information Warfare” to Deal with“InformationizedOperations” .................. 55 ix x Contents 2 CountermeasuresAgainstSyntheticApertureRadar ............. 65 2.1 OperatingPrincipleofSyntheticApertureRadar .............. 67 2.1.1 EquationofSyntheticApertureRadar ............... 67 2.1.2 CompositionofSyntheticApertureRadar ............ 71 2.1.3 PulseRepetitionFrequencySelectionofSynthetic ApertureRadar ................................... 73 2.2 JammingPrincipleforSyntheticApertureRadar .............. 75 2.2.1 JammingEquationtoSAR ......................... 75 2.2.2 JammingEquivalentPowerRequiredforSAR ........ 77 2.3 MeasurementandAnalysisofSARJammingSuppression Coefficient .............................................. 78 2.3.1 ComputerSimulationMeasurement ................. 78 2.3.2 IndoorsSimulationTestofLowPowerJamming AgainstFormalSAR .............................. 80 2.3.3 Flight Test on the Jamming Suppression CoefficientforAirborneSAR ....................... 81 2.3.4 Data Analysis of Airborne SAR Jamming SuppressionCoefficientfromFlightTest ............. 82 2.4 AnalysisonReflectionAreaofPointTarget .................. 85 2.4.1 Mechanism of Radar Target High-Frequency Scattering ....................................... 85 2.4.2 Measurement on Equivalent Reflection Area ofComplexTarget’sScatteringCenter ............... 86 2.4.3 RCSofRegularObjects ........................... 87 2.5 TimelyReconnaissanceofSpaceborneSAR .................. 88 2.5.1 Necessity of Timely Reconnaissance forSpaceborneSAR .............................. 88 2.5.2 Feasibility of Timely Reconnaissance forSpaceborneSAR .............................. 90 2.5.3 RequirementsforTimelySARReconnaissance Stations ......................................... 91 2.5.4 CompositionofTimelyReconnaissanceStations forSpaceborneSAR .............................. 98 2.6 TimelySuppressionJammingAgainstSpaceborneSAR ....... 100 2.6.1 Feasibility of Timely Suppression Jamming AgainstSpaceborneSAR .......................... 100 2.6.2 JammingProtectionZoneofSpaceborneSAR fromaSingleSuppressionJammingStation .......... 102 2.6.3 Protection Zone of Space Borne SAR fromMultipleSuppressionJammingStations ......... 103 2.6.4 Composition of Suppression Stations forSpaceborneSAR .............................. 106 2.7 JammingAgainsttheRadarIdentificationSystem ............. 114 2.8 Jamming Against Variable Polarization Height MeasurementSAR ....................................... 116
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