theory of War and Strategy - Strategic Studies Institute - U.S. Army

385 Pages·2010·3.38 MB·English

THE U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE GUIDE
TO NATIONAL SECURITY ISSUES
VOLUME I:
THEORY OF WAR AND STRATEGY
4th Edition
J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr.
Editor
July 2010
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ISBN 1-58487-450-3
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CONTENTS
Introduction
J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. ………………………………....………………….................…...vii
I. Strategic Theory
1. Why is Strategy Difficult? ……………………………………………………........................…3
David Jablonsky
2. A Survey of the Theory of Strategy……………………………………………...................…13
J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr.
3. Toward a Theory of Strategy: Art Lykke and the Army War College
Strategy Model ………………………………………………………………….........................45
H. Richard Yarger
4. The Strategic Appraisal: The Key To Effective Strategy …………………………...............53
H. Richard Yarger
5. Managing Strategic Risk…………………………………………………….....................……67
James F. Holcomb
6. A Theory of Victory ……………………………………………………………........................79
J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr.
7. Toward a Strategic Theory of Terrorism: Defining Boundaries in the
Ongoing Search for Security ……………………………………………………......................95
Frank L. Jones
8. Thucydides and Contemporary Strategy………………………………………...................107
R. Craig Nation
II. The Elements of Power
9. National Power………………………………………………………………….......................123
David Jablonsky
10. National Power ………………………………………………………………..........................141
R. Craig Nation
11. Strategic Communication: Wielding the Information Element of Power …….............…153
Dennis M. Murphy
12. Diplomacy as an Instrument of National Power………………………….................……..167
Reed J. Fendrick
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FIGURES - VOLUME I
Chapter 1
Figure 1. The Policy Continuum ................................................................................................3
Figure 2. The Remarkable Trinity .............................................................................................. 4
Figure 3. The Impact of Technology ..........................................................................................4
Figure 4. The Continuum of War ...............................................................................................7
Figure 5. National Strategy: The Horizontal Plane ..................................................................8
Figure 6. National Strategy and the Vertical Continuum of War ..........................................8
Chapter 3
Figure 1. Strategic and Operational Art ..................................................................................47
Figure 2. Comprehensiveness of Strategy ...............................................................................48
Figure 3. The Lykke Model .......................................................................................................48
Chapter 4
Figure 1. Strategic Appraisal Process .......................................................................................54
Figure 2. Realms of Strategy ......................................................................................................55
Figure 3. Levels of Intensity ......................................................................................................58
Figure 4. Strategic Factors ..........................................................................................................59
Figure 5. Strategic Thinking Competencies ............................................................................61
Chapter 6
Figure 1. Scale of Success ...........................................................................................................82
Figure 2. Scale of Decisiveness ..................................................................................................83
Figure 3. Scale of Achievement .................................................................................................83
Chapter 9
Figure 1. Gain and Risk Assessment ......................................................................................135
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Chapter 16
Figure 1. Shares in the World Economy from Jagdish Bhagwati .........................................216
Chapter 17
Figure 1. Components of Security Policy ..............................................................................227
Figure 2. Evaluations of Compellent Threats .......................................................................230
Figure 3. Range of Military Operations .................................................................................232
Figure 4. Guidelines for the Use of Force ..............................................................................235
Figure 5. Weinburger Doctrine from Vietnam to Iraq .........................................................239
Chapter 18
Figure 1. The Army Organizational Life Cycle Model ........................................................256
Figure 2. Characteristics of Centers of Gravity ......................................................................260
Figure 3. Indentifying Centers of Gravity .............................................................................260
Chapter 19
Figure 1. Interaction with the Analysts ................................................................................272
Chapter 21
Figure 1. John Warden’s Five Ring Model ............................................................................315
Chapter 23
Figure 1. The Network Centric Operations Conceptual Framework ................................344
Figure 2. Tenets of NCW and the Value ................................................................................346

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13. Theory and Practice of Modern Diplomacy: Origins and Development to
1914 ……………………………………………………………………………..........................173
Louis J. Nigro, Jr.
14. Economic Diplomacy: Views of a Practitioner …………………….................…………….187
Constance Phlipot
15. Economics: A Key Element of National Power ………………………………….................199
Clayton K. S. Chun
16. Political Economy and National Security: A Primer …………………………................…211
Janeen M. Klinger
17. Military Power and the Use of Force……………………………………………...................225
John F. Troxell
III. Strategic Issues and Considerations
18. Systems Thinking in Campaign Design ……………………………………….....................253
Charles D. Allen and Glenn K. Cunningham
19. Intelligence as a Tool of Strategy ……………………………………………….................…263
John Aclin
20. Air Power Theory: An Analytical Narrative from the First World War
to the Present ……………………………………………………………………......................279
Tami Davis Biddle
21. John Warden’s Five Ring Model and the Indirect Approach to War …………............…311
Clayton K. S. Chun
22. Naval Theory for Soldiers ………………………………………………………....................325
J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr.
23. The Network-Centric Warfare Journey: Realizing the Power of Information ….............341
Jeffrey L. Groh
24. Space Power: A Strategic Assessment and a Way Forward ……………………...............359
Jeffrey A. Farnsworth
Appendix I: Contributors …………………………………………………………...............……373
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INTRODUCTION
J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr.
The U. S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues is the latest edition of the U. S. Army
War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy, which the college has published sporadi-
cally under different titles since 2001. As begun with the last publication, this edition of the Guide
is in two volumes that correspond roughly to the two core courses that the Department of Na-
tional Security and Strategy teaches: “Theory of War and Strategy” and “National Security Policy
and Strategy.” Like its predecessors, this edition is largely an expansion of the existing materials,
although about a quarter is new, and the previously published chapters have been updated as
necessary. This year we have begun a process we hope to continue in the future of including case
studies that might be useful/instructive illustrations of principles we teach. The authors, with one
exception all current or former members of the faculty, represent each of the four primary teaching
departments of the college. Short biographical sketches of each are in an appendix at the end of
each volume. The appendix on the U.S. Army War College (USAWC) strategy formulation model
in the second volume reflects the alterations in that fundamental document made for the 2010
academic year (2009-10). The entire model is currently under review, and the version for the 2011
academic year will probably be different—although continuity will probably outweigh change in
the versions.
Although the Department of National Security and Strategy and other departments uses several
of the chapters in this volume as readings for its core courses, this is not a textbook. It does reflect,
however, both the method and manner we use to teach the theory of war and the formulation of
national security strategy to America’s future senior leaders. As we continue to refine and update
the Guide, we intend to increase course-oriented essays, and several of the new chapters were writ-
ten specifically to support instruction. The book is also not a comprehensive or exhaustive treat-
ment of either the theory of war, strategy, or the policy making process; there are major topics in
all fields that deserve treatment before one could claim to present a comprehensive product.
The Guide is organized in broad clusters of chapters addressing general subject areas. Chapters
are placed in general blocks for convenience, not as a rigid framework. I made no effort to con-
strain or shape the authors’ work based on where I saw the chapter fitting in the book. Thus, some
chapters might have been placed in several blocks, and their presence in a specific block should not
be considered a restrictive form of categorization. Volume 1 starts with theoretical issues on war
and strategy. The second block examines power both conceptually and in terms of the elements
of power. The volume concludes with studies on specific theoretical issues. The second volume
on national security strategy and policy opens with a look at the U.S. security community and its
functions. The second block expands to multinational issues and considerations. The third block
presents studies of specific policy issues or considerations. The volume concludes with illustrative
case studies.
PART I
STRATEGIC THEORY