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Lecture Notes in Physics 887 Walter Schirmacher Theory of Liquids and Other Disordered Media A Short Introduction Lecture Notes in Physics Volume 887 FoundingEditors W.Beiglböck J.Ehlers K.Hepp H.Weidenmüller EditorialBoard B.-G.Englert,Singapore,Singapore P.Hänggi,Augsburg,Germany W.Hillebrandt,Garching,Germany M.Hjorth-Jensen,Oslo,Norway R.A.L.Jones,Sheffield,UK M.Lewenstein,Barcelona,Spain H.vonLöhneysen,Karlsruhe,Germany M.S.Longair,Cambridge,UK J.-F.Pinton,Lyon,France J.-M.Raimond,Paris,France A.Rubio,Donostia,SanSebastian,Spain M.Salmhofer,Heidelberg,Germany S.Theisen,Potsdam,Germany D.Vollhardt,Augsburg,Germany J.D.Wells,Geneva,Switzerland Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5304 The Lecture Notes in Physics The series Lecture Notes in Physics (LNP), founded in 1969, reports new devel- opmentsin physicsresearch and teaching-quicklyand informally,but with a high qualityand the explicitaim to summarizeand communicatecurrentknowledgein anaccessibleway.Bookspublishedinthisseriesareconceivedasbridgingmaterial between advanced graduate textbooks and the forefront of research and to serve threepurposes: (cid:129) to be a compact and modern up-to-date source of reference on a well-defined topic (cid:129) to serve as an accessible introductionto the field to postgraduatestudents and nonspecialistresearchersfromrelatedareas (cid:129) to be a sourceof advancedteachingmaterialfor specialized seminars, courses andschools Bothmonographsandmulti-authorvolumeswillbeconsideredforpublication. 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Proposalsshouldbe sent to a memberof the EditorialBoard, ordirectly to the managingeditoratSpringer: ChristianCaron SpringerHeidelberg PhysicsEditorialDepartmentI Tiergartenstrasse17 69121Heidelberg/Germany [email protected] Walter Schirmacher Theory of Liquids and Other Disordered Media A Short Introduction 123 WalterSchirmacher InstitutfuRrPhysikKomet331 UniversitaRtMainz Mainz Germany ISSN0075-8450 ISSN1616-6361 (electronic) LectureNotesinPhysics ISBN978-3-319-06949-4 ISBN978-3-319-06950-0 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-06950-0 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014944752 (cid:2)c SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) ForLinda “Whatis theuseofa bookwithoutpictures orconversations?” Lewis Carroll,Alice’s Adventuresin Wonderland Preface Thephysicsofliquids,solutions,glasses,andmacromolecularmaterialscomprises averylargeareaofphysicalresearch.Nowadaysthesefieldsgrowtogetherandform therapidlyexpandingfieldofsoft-matterphysics,whichalsoincludestheinvestiga- tionofcolloids,liquidcrystals,andbiologicalmaterials.Withinthelargescientific communityofsoft-matterresearchtheliquidand/ormacromolecularmaterialsare investigated mostly with physicochemical experimental techniques and by means of computersimulations. The latter method has in the last 50 yearsgrown from a part of theoretical physics into what is now called computer experiment, because the simulation data are analyzed in the same fashion as experimental data. The only differencebetween simulationaland experimentaldata is that the underlying equation of motion (Newton’s or Schrödinger’s equation) is known, but that is in principlealso thecase fortheexperiment.Oneadvantageof thesimulationisthat modelsystemscanbestudied,whicharesimplerthantherealmaterials.Anotheris thatmicroscopicinformationcanbeobtained,whichisoutofscopeofexperiments. However, a theoretical understanding of the behavior of complex materials requires more than the knowledge of the underlying microscopic equations of motions. Therefore theoretical concepts on a macroscopic level are required. A numberofsuchconceptsarepresentedintheselecturenotes. The present lecture notes arose from two courses: “Theory of Liquids and Polymers I and II,” held at the institute for functional materials (Prof. W. Petry and Prof. P. Müller-Buschbaum, E13) at the Physics Department of Technische Universität München in the academic year 2006/2007. The aim of these courses was to create a mutual understanding and a common theoretical language among studentsandscientistsworkinginthisinstituteonsuchdifferentsubjectsasliquid metals,glasses,polymers,andbiologicalmaterials.Thehandoutspresentedatthese coursesformedthebackboneofthepresentlecturenotes. The division of the notes into structure/thermodynamics and dynamics arises from the fact that in classical systems (i.e., materials in which quantum effects are notdominant)the structuralandthermalpropertiescan be studiedwithoutthe knowledgeof the dynamics. On the other hand, the dynamicsof a liquid or other soft-mattermaterialisstronglydependentonitsstructure. ix