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Theory and Experiment Heading for New Physics PDF

690 Pages·2002·30.221 MB·English
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The Subnuclear Series • Volume 38 Proceedings of the International School of Subnuclear Physics THEORY AND EXPERIMENT HEADING FOR NEW PHYSICS Edited by Antonino Zichichi World Scientific The Subnuclear Series • Volume 38 Proceedings of the International School of Subnuclear Physics THEORY AND EXPERIMENT HEADING FOR NEW PHYSICS THE SUBNUCLEAR SERIES Series Editor: ANTONINO ZICHICHI, European Physical Society, Geneva, Switzerland 1. 1963 STRONG, ELECTROMAGNETIC, AND WEAK INTERACTIONS 2. 1964 SYMMETRIES IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS 3. 1965 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PARTICLE SYMMETRIES 4. 1966 STRONG AND WEAK INTERACTIONS 5. 1967 HADRONS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS 6. 1968 THEORY AND PHENOMENOLOGY IN PARTICLE PHYSICS 7. 1969 SUBNUCLEAR PHENOMENA 8. 1970 ELEMENTARY PROCESSES AT HIGH ENERGY 9. 1971 PROPERTIES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS 10. 1972 HIGHLIGHTS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS 11. 1973 LAWS OF HADRONIC MATTER 12. 1974 LEPTON AND HADRON STRUCTURE 13. 1975 NEW PHENOMENA IN SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS 14. 1976 UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTS OF MATTER 15. 1977 THE WHYS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS 16. 1978 THE NEW ASPECTS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS 17. 1979 POINTLIKE STRUCTURES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE HADRONS 18. 1980 THE HIGH-ENERGY LIMIT 19. 1981 THE UNITY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS 20. 1982 GAUGE INTERACTIONS: Theory and Experiment 21. 1983 HOW FAR ARE WE FROM THE GAUGE FORCES? 22. 1984 QUARKS, LEPTONS, AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS 23. 1985 OLD AND NEW FORCES OF NATURE 24. 1986 THE SUPERWORLDI 25. 1987 THE SUPERWORLD II 26. 1988 THE SUPERWORLD III 27. 1989 THE CHALLENGING QUESTIONS 28. 1990 PHYSICS UP TO 200 TeV 29. 1991 PHYSICS AT THE HIGHEST ENERGY AND LUMINOSITY: To Understand the Origin of Mass 30. 1992 FROM SUPERSTRINGS TO THE REAL SUPERWORLD 31. 1993 FROM SUPERSYMMETRY TO THE ORIGIN OF SPACE-TIME 32. 1994 FROM SUPERSTRING TO PRESENT-DAY PHYSICS 33. 1995 VACUUM AND VACUA: The Physics of Nothing 34. 1996 EFFECTIVE THEORIES AND FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS 35. 1997 HIGHLIGHTS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS: 50 Years Later 36. 1998 FROM THE PLANCK LENGTH TO THE HUBBLE RADIUS 37. 1999 BASICS AND HIGHLIGHTS IN FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 38. 2000 THEORY AND EXPERIMENT HEADING FOR NEW PHYSICS Volume 1 was published by W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York; 2-8 and 11-12 by Academic Press, New York and London; 9-10 by Editrice Compositori, Bologna; 13-29 by Plenum Press, New York and London; 30-38 by World Scientific, Singapore. The Subnuclear Series • Volume 38 Proceedings of the International School of Subnuclear Physics THEORY AND EXPERIMENT HEADING FOR NEW PHYSICS Edited by Antonino Zichichi European Physical Society Geneva, Switzerland V fe World Scientific wB NNeeww J Jeerrsseeyy • •L Loonnddoonn* •S Sinineg apore • Hong Kong Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. P O Box 128, Farrer Road, Singapore 912805 USA office: Suite IB, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International School of Subnuclear Physics (38th: 2000 : Erice, Italy) Theory and experiment heading for new physics : proceedings of the International School of Subnuclear Physics / edited by Antonino Zichichi. p. cm. - (The subnuclear series ; v. 38) ISBN 9810247931 1. Particles (Nuclear physics)—Congresses. 2. Gauge fields (Physics)—Congresses. I. Zichichi, Antonino. II. Title. III. Series. QC793 .1555 2000 2001053628 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Copyright © 2001 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. Printed in Singapore by Uto-Print V PREFACE During August/September 2000, a group of 80 physicists from 53 laboratories in 15 countries met in Erice to participate in the 38th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented by the participants were: Algeria, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, Ukraine and the United States of America. The School was sponsored by the Academies of Sciences of Estonia, Georgia, Lithuania, Russia and Ukraine; the Chinese Academy of Sciences; the Commission of the European Communities; the European Physical Society (EPS); the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research (MURST); the Sicilian Regional Government (ERS); the Weizmann Institute of Science; the World Federation of Scientists and the World Laboratory. The purpose of the School was to focus attention on the theoretical investigation of several basic unity issues, including: i) The understanding of gauge theories both in their continuum and in their lattice versions: ii) The possible existence and relevance of large extra dimensions together with the resulting lowering of the Planck/string scale down to the TeV range; iii) The origin and structure of flavour mixing in the quark and lepton (neutrino) sectors, as reported in the contents. A new feature of the School, introduced in 1996, is a series of special sessions devoted to "New Talents". This is a serious problem in Experimental Physics where collaborations count several hundreds of participants and it is almost impossible for young fellows to be known. Even if with much less emphasis the problem exists also in Theoretical Physics. So we decided to offer the young fellows a possibility to let them be known. Eleven "new talents" were invited to present a paper, followed by a discussion. Three were given the prize: one for the best presentation; one for an original theoretical work; and one for an original experimental work. These special sessions devoted to New Talents represent the projection of Subnuclear Physics on the axis of the young generation. As every year, the discussion sessions have been the focal point of the School's activity. VI During the organization and the running of this year's Course, I enjoyed the collaboration of two colleagues and friends, Gerardus 't Hooft and Gabriele Veneziano, who shared with me the Directorship of the Course. I would like to thank them, together with the group of invited scientists and all the people who contributed to the success of this year's Course. I hope the reader will enjoy the book as much as the students attending the lectures and discussion sessions. Thanks to the work of the Scientific Secretaries, the discussions have been reproduced as faithfully as possible. At various stages of my work I have enjoyed the collaboration of many friends whose contributions have been extremely important for the School and are highly appreciated. I thank them most warmly. A final acknowledgement to all those in Erice, Bologna and Geneva, who have helped me on so many occasions and to whom I feel very indebted. Antonino Zichichi Geneva, October 2000 VII CONTENTS Opening Lecture From Reductionism to Holism T. D. Lee Mini-Courses on Basics Chiral Gauge Theories Revisited 41 M. Liischer Strings, Branes and New Physics 90 J. Polchinski New Physics from New Dimensions 139 /. Antoniadis Flavour Dynamics: CP Violation and Rare Decays 200 A. J. Buras Hot Issues Round Table on Status of e'/e About the Measurement of Direct CP Violation at CERN with the NA48 Experiment 338 M. Calvetti Principles Behind the KTeV Approach to Measuring Direct CP Violation 341 B. Winstein Tests of T-Invariance in Neutral Kaon Decays 357 P. K. Kabir With Grand Unification Signals in, Can Proton Decay Be Far Behind? 375 J. C. Pati Experimental Highlights Experimental Highlights from LEP 416 U. Becker VIII Experimental Highlights from the HERA Collider 455 G. Wolf CP Violation and Other Cosmological Issues 512 B. Winstein Experimental Highlights from Super-Kamiokande 533 Y. Totsuka Experimental Highlights from AMS 570 S. C. C. Ting Special Sessions for New Talents Searching for Massive Exotic Particles in the NuTeV Neutrino Detector 577 J. A. Formaggio Ultradense Quark Stars from Perturbative QCD 596 E. S. Fraga The Charged-Mode Systematic Error for the KTeV Experiment 604 J. Graham From Minimal to "Realistic" Supersymmetric SU(5) Grand Unification 609 /. Masina A Non-Technical Introduction to Extra Dimensions 619 M. Schwartz Casimir Scaling as a Test of QCD Vacuum 627 V. Shevchenko e'/e by the NA48 Experiment 637 M. S. Sozzi Measurement of the Mass of the W Boson at LEP and Determination of Electroweak Parameters 647 A. Straessner Closing Lecture The Discovery of the Renormalizability of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories 656 G. 't Hooft ix Closing Ceremony Prizes and Scholarships 670 Participants 672

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