Table Of Content

Theorizing Indian Foreign Policy Examined from a non-Western lens, the standard international relations (IR) and foreign policy analysis (FPA) approaches are ill-adapted because of some Eurocentric and con- ceptual biases. These biases partly stem from, first, the dearth of analyses focusing on non-Western cases; and second, the primacy of Western-born concepts and methods in the two disciplines. That is what this book seeks to redress. Theorizing Indian Foreign Policy draws together the study of contemporary Indian foreign policy and the methods and theories used by FPA and IR, while simultaneously contributing to a growing reflection on how to theorise a non-Western case. Its chapters offer a refreshing perspective by combining different sets of theories, empirical analyses, historical perspectives and insights from area studies. Empirically, chapters deal with different issues as well as varied bilateral relations and institutional settings. Conceptually, they ask similar questions about what is unique about Indian foreign policy and how to study it. The chapters also compel us to reconsider the meaning and boundary conditions of concepts (e.g. coalition government, strategic culture and sovereignty) in a non-Western context. This book will appeal to both specialists and students of Indian foreign policy and international relations theory. Mischa Hansel is an Assistant Professor (Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter) at the RWTH Aachen University. Previously, he worked at the Justus Liebig University Giessen and the University of Cologne where he obtained his PhD in 2012. Several of his works deal with the question of whether liberal and constructivist FPA approaches are suitable to the study of Indian foreign policy. Recent articles appeared in Global Change, Peace and Security and Asian Politics and Policy. Other research interests include the norms and discourses guiding decisions on military interventions, Western and non-Western military transformation processes, arms control regimes and German foreign policy. Raphaëlle Khan is a PhD candidate in History/International Politics at King’s College London. Her work focuses on India’s emergence as an international sovereign actor between the 1920s and the 1960s, through an analysis of Indian understandings of sovereignty. She holds a Double Master’s Degree in European Studies from the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po). Her research interests include India’s diplomacy in multilateral forums, international organisations, international politics of South Asia, rising powers and Europe- India relations. Mélissa Levaillant is a Researcher at the Institute of Strategic Research (IRSEM) of the French Ministry of Defence. She obtained her PhD from Sciences Po Paris in 2016, where she teaches World Politics and South Asian Security. Her dissertation was on the institutionalisation of India’s Ministry of External Affairs, from 1947 to 2015. Her other main research interests include India’s foreign policy towards the Middle East and security issues in the Indian Ocean. In 2012, she published a book on India’s foreign policy towards Iran. Rethinking Asia and International Relations Series Editor - Emilian Kavalski, Australian Catholic University (Sydney) This series seeks to provide thoughtful consideration both of the growing prominence of Asian actors on the global stage and the changes in the study and practice of world affairs that they provoke. It intends to offer a comprehensive parallel assessment of the full spectrum of Asian states, organisations, and regions and their impact on the dynamics of global politics. The series seeks to encourage conversation on: • what rules, norms, and strategic cultures are likely to dominate international life in the ‘Asian Century’; • how will global problems be reframed and addressed by a ‘rising Asia’; • which institutions, actors, and states are likely to provide leadership during such ‘shifts to the East’; • whether there is something distinctly ‘Asian’ about the emerging patterns of global politics. Such comprehensive engagement not only aims to offer a critical assessment of the actual and prospective roles of Asian actors, but also seeks to rethink the concepts, practices, and frameworks of analysis of world politics. This series invites proposals for interdisciplinary research monographs undertak- ing comparative studies of Asian actors and their impact on the current patterns and likely future trajectories of international relations. Furthermore, it offers a platform for pioneering explorations of the ongoing transformations in global politics as a result of Asia’s increasing centrality to the patterns and practices of world affairs. Titles Uncertainty, Threat and International Security Implications for Southeast Asia Zachary C. Shirkey and Ivan Savic Theorizing Indian Foreign Policy Edited by Mischa Hansel, Raphaëlle Khan and Mélissa Levaillant Russia’s Geoeconomic Strategy for a Greater Eurasia Glenn Diesen Theorizing Indian Foreign Policy Edited by Mischa Hansel, Raphaëlle Khan and Mélissa Levaillant First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 selection and editorial matter, Mischa Hansel, Raphaëlle Khan and Mélissa Levaillant; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Mischa Hansel, Raphaëlle Khan and Mélissa Levaillant to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Hansel, Mischa, editor. | Khan, Raphaëlle, editor. | Levaillant, Mélissa, editor. Title: Theorizing Indian foreign policy/edited by Misha Hansel, Raphaëlle Khan and Mélissa Levaillant. Description: Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, [2017] | Series: Rethinking Asia and international relations Identifiers: LCCN 2016043499 | ISBN 9781472465238 (hardback) | ISBN 9781315551197 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: India–Foreign relations. | India–Foreign relations–Philosophy. Classification: LCC JZ1737 .T54 2017 | DDC 327.54001–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016043499 ISBN: 978-1-4724-6523-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-55119-7 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India Contents List of Contributors vii Introduction: Theorizing Indian Foreign Policy 1 MISCHA HANSEL, RAPHAёLLE KHAN AND MéLISSA LEvAILLANT PART I Disciplinary and Methodological Challenges 13 1 Historiography of South Asia’s International Relations 15 PALLAvI RAGHAvAN 2 International Relations and Foreign Policy in India: Policy-Oriented Works between Discipline and State 29 AUDREY ALEJANDRO PART II Ideas, Norms and Perceptions 47 3 More than a Rule Taker: The Indian Way of Multilateralism 49 TOBIAS DEBIEL AND HERBERT WULF 4 India as a Norm Claimer: Normative Struggles and the Assertion of Sovereignty at the San Francisco Conference (1945) 69 RAPHAëLLE KHAN 5 Theorising Indian Strategic Culture(s): Taking Stock of a Controversial Debate 91 BERNHARD BEITELMAIR-BERINI vi Contents 6 In Modi’s Might? Maintenance Processes and Prospects for De-Escalation in the India–Pakistan Rivalry, 1997–2015 112 HANNES EBERT PART III Actors and Institutions 135 7 India and Liberal International Relations Theory: What Role for Public Opinion? 137 MISCHA HANSEL 8 The Contribution of Neo-Institutionalism to the Analysis of India’s Diplomacy in the Making 160 MéLISSA LEvAILLANT 9 India’s Taliban Dilemma: To Contain or to Engage? 181 AvINASH PALIWAL 10 Inside Out? Assessing the Domestic Determinants of India’s External Behaviour 203 NICOLAS BLAREL Index 221 List of Contributors Audrey Alejandro holds a PhD in Political Science from Sciences Po Bordeaux, France. She is currently Associate Researcher with the Centre Emile Durkheim, Sciences Po Bordeaux, and Fellow of the London School of Economics, where she pursues her research on eurocentrism and academic diversity. Her work mainly focuses on the relations between the production and circulation of knowledge and social relations, especially power relations and relations of dis- crimination. She is co-editor of a new Palgrave series, Trends in European IR Theory. Bernhard Beitelmair-Berini is a PhD candidate, Lecturer and Research Fellow on International Relations at the South Asia Institute of the University of Heidelberg. Previously, he graduated from the University of Salzburg. His research interests include IR theory, strategic culture, grand strategy, percep- tion and identity in the making of foreign policy, as well as the South Asian security complex. Nicolas Blarel is an Assistant Professor of International Relations at the Institute of Political Science of Leiden University. His research interests are in foreign policy analysis and international security, primarily in South Asia. His most recent book, The Evolution of India’s Israel Policy: Continuity, Change, and Compromise since 1922, was published in 2015 by Oxford University Press. Tobias Debiel is Professor for International Relations and Development Policy at the University of Duisburg-Essen. Apart from that, he is Director of the Institute for Development and Peace (INEF) and the Centre for Global Cooperation Research. He is also engaged in other well-known German institutes such as the Centre for Development Research (ZEF) and the Development and Peace Foundation (SEF). He was a visiting Lecturer at the Fudan University in China and the Herzliya Interdisciplinary Center in Tel Aviv. His research interests are: state failure and global governance; responsibility to protect; India’s role in international politics; development policy in war-torn societies; aid regimes and practices of development cooperation; and violence prevention and peacebuilding. viii List of Contributors Hannes Ebert works as a research fellow at the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, where he focuses on international politics in South Asia. He previously analysed armed conflicts and governance in Afghanistan, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka for think tanks in Berlin, Delhi, London and Islamabad. Hannes has also worked as an external advisor for the Federal Foreign Office and as a research associate at Harvard University’s Center for European Studies. His research has been published by journals such as International Politics, Third World Quarterly and the Chinese Journal of International Politics. Hannes holds a Master’s in International Relations Theory from the London School of Economics. He has received scholarships from the volkswagen Foundation, German National Academic Foundation, Theodor Pfizer Foundation and the Swiss Government. Mischa Hansel is an Assistant Professor (Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter) at the RWTH Aachen University. Previously, he worked at the Justus Liebig University Giessen and the University of Cologne where he obtained his PhD in 2012. Several of his works deal with the question of whether liberal and constructivist FPA approaches are suitable to the study of Indian foreign policy. Recent articles appeared in Global Change, Peace and Security and Asian Politics and Policy. Other research interests include the norms and discourses guiding decisions on military interventions, Western and non-Western military transformation processes, arms control regimes and German foreign policy. Raphaëlle Khan is a PhD candidate in History/International Politics at King’s College London. Her work focuses on India’s emergence as an international sovereign actor between the 1920s and the 1960s, through an analysis of Indian understandings of sovereignty. She holds a Double Master’s Degree in European Studies from the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po). Her research interests include India’s diplomacy in multilateral forums, international organisations, international politics of South Asia, rising powers and Europe-India relations. Mélissa Levaillant is a Researcher at the Institute of Strategic Research (IRSEM) of the French Ministry of Defence. She obtained her PhD from Sciences Po Paris in 2016, where she teaches World Politics and South Asian Security. Her dissertation was on the institutionalisation of India’s Ministry of External Affairs from 1947 to 2015. Her other main research interests include India’s foreign policy towards the Middle East and security issues in the Indian Ocean. In 2012, she published a book on India’s foreign policy towards Iran. Avinash Paliwal is Lecturer in Defence Studies at King’s College London. He specialises in the international relations and strategic affairs of South Asia, Afghanistan and Myanmar. He has authored a book on India’s approach towards Afghanistan from the Soviet intervention to the ongoing US with- drawal, which will be out in early 2017. List of Contributors ix Pallavi Raghavan is an Assistant Professor at the Jindal Global Law School where she is completing a book manuscript on the history of the India–Pakistan rela- tionship. She completed her PhD from the University of Cambridge in 2012, and researches questions relating to the history of India’s foreign policies and the continuities between colonial and post-colonial international positioning in the subcontinent, as well as the early history of the foreign policy establish- ments of India and Pakistan. Herbert Wulf is founder and senior fellow of the Bonn International Center of Conversion (BICC) in Bonn, Germany. His experience encompasses research in international relations, specifically in arms control, arms transfers, conversion, peacekeeping and state-building, as well as research and practical experi- ences in development cooperation. He is presently a Senior Fellow at BICC, an Adjunct Senior Researcher at the Institute for Development and Peace, University of Duisburg-Essen and co-chair of a study group on the ‘Monopoly of the Use of Force 2.0’ of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation. He researches Indian foreign policy in a research project at the Centre for Global Cooperation Research at the University of Duisburg-Essen.