Theology in Stone: Church Architecture from Byzantium to Berkeley Architecture Design PDF
Preview Theology in Stone: Church Architecture from Byzantium to Berkeley Architecture Design
Theology in Stone: Church Architecture from Byzantium to Berkeley RICHARD KIECKHEFER OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Theology in Stone This page intentionally left blank Theology in Stone Church Architecture from Byzantium to Berkeley richard kieckhefer 1 2004 1 Oxford NewYork Auckland Bangkok BuenosAires CapeTown Chennai DaresSalaam Delhi HongKong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Mumbai Nairobi Sa˜oPaulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright(cid:1)2004byOxfordUniversityPress,Inc. PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc. 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016 www.oup.com OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise, withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Kieckhefer,Richard. Theologyinstone:ChurcharchitecturefromByzantiumtoBerkeley/ RichardKieckhefer. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-19-515466-5 1.Churcharchitecture. 2.Liturgyandarchitecture. I.Title. NA4800.K532003 726.5—dc21 2002153721 Rev. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica onacid-freepaper To the memory of my mother Virginia Kelley Kieckhefer (1917–2002) This page intentionally left blank Preface Churcharchitectureisacontentiousfieldofinquiry.Polemics,dog- matism,andcaricatureabound.Itwouldbeunrealistictothinkany bookcouldresolvethecontroversies,butafreshlookatthemost basicquestionsaboutchurches,theirmeaningsandtheiruses,may proveusefultoallsides.Theincentivetowritethisbookwasmixed: itgrewoutofhistoricalinterest,butalsooutofanurgetoseemore clearlywhatchurcheshavemeantandwhattheycanmeanforcom- munitiesthatbuildandusethem.Itmightseemthatthefirstfour chaptersdealwiththeologicalquestions,whiletheextendedcase studiesthatfollowshiftthefocustohistory—butinfacttheology andhistoryareintertwinedthroughout. Withabookofthissort,readersmayhavemorethantheusual degreeofcuriosityabouttheauthor’sbackgroundandpointofview. Sufficeittosaythatmymostextensiveexperienceofworshiphas beeninRomanCatholic,Orthodox,andAnglicanchurches;thatI amoldenoughtohaverecitedmassresponsesformanyyearsin Latinandtohavelearnedplainchantinfirstgrade;thatovermany yearsIhavevisitedchurchesextensivelyinBritainandNorthAmer- icaandhavehadoccasiontostudytheminFrance,Germany,Spain, Italy,Belgium,theNetherlands,Switzerland,Austria,theCzechRe- public,andGreece;thatIdreamofexploringthechurchesofLa¯li- bala¯—indeed,Iliterallydreamquiteoftenofvisitingchurches—but havenotyetdoneso;thatmyacademicresearchhasfocusedmainly onwesternEuropeinthelateMiddleAges;thatmydoctorateisin historybutIhavetaughtfordecadesinadepartmentofreligion; thatIhavedonemuchworkonthehistoryofmagic,whichIseeas viii preface relevanttothebroaderstudyofritual;thatoneofmymaternalgrandmother’s uncles was pastor of the first Polish church in Chicago, and some of my in- formation on Saint Stanislas Kostka Church is from an unpublished family history;thatIhavehadconsiderableexperienceinaNewmanCenterdesigned in the years of experimentation after Vatican II; that I have sung for over a decadeinthechoirofanOrthodoxcathedral;thatIhavebeendeeplyinvolved at an Anglo-Catholic church where women are welcomed as priests, where openly gay men and lesbian couples with children occupy positions of lay leadership, and where liturgy and an exceptionally strong music programare balanced by ministry to refugees and others; and that if this book is inspired by any particular theological tradition it is that of liberal Anglo-Catholicism. The last point may seem the most important but cannot be isolated from all therest. Three people especially have given me the benefit of their wisdom and learningasIhaveworkedonthisproject.MywifeBarbaraNewmansharesa passionateinterestinliturgyanditssettingandhascontributedimmeasurably totheprogressofthisbookateverystage;whenItellofexperiences“we”have hadinvisitingchurches,sheisinvariablymycompanion.FrankBurchBrown readandgaveexceptionallydetailedandinsightfulcommentsonanearlydraft; he is largely responsible for giving my research a series of unexpected turns. AndKarlMorrison,whoreadthebookwhenitwasinitslongestanduntidiest state, challenged me helpfully on many points in his double role as scholar andpriest. Various specialists have shown themselves kind and generous with their expertise:WolfgangPehntgaveperceptivecommentsforthechapteronRudolf Schwarz; Rosemary Horrax helped with the chapter on Beverley; Father Mi- chaelKomechak,O.S.B.,hasshowedkindnessonmanyvisitstoSaintProco- piusAbbey,sharedhiswisdomoncontemporarychurchdesign,andprovided valuable suggestions on various chapters; and David Van Zanten made clear how my perspective relates to that of an architectural historian. All these in- dividualshavecontributedimmenselytowardmyproject. I am deeply indebted also to Benjamin D. Sommer for insight into the conceptions of sacrifice in ancient Israel; to David Collins, S.J., for reactions toanearlydraft;toRichardWebsterforgivingmeamusician’sperspectiveon thesubtletiesofchurchacoustics;toAmeliaJ.Carrforrevealingtomesome- thingofanarthistorian’sgraspofchurchesintheChicagoarea;toAdhemar Dellagustina, Jr., for expert help with photographs; to Marian Caudron for sharing with me her experiences in sacred places; to Edward Muir, for the subtitle; to Stuart Baumann and Linda Kelley, Roger Boden, Emily Erwin, Amancio Guedes, Lawrence Haptas, John Kemp, Angela Lorenz, Susan B. Matheson,KelliPeters,MariaSchwarz,ClaudiaSwan,andMichaelSwartz,for variouskindnesses;toparishionersatSaintLuke’sinEvanstonandtostudents at Northwestern University and Seabury-Western Theological Seminary, for preface ix givingmetheinvaluableopportunitytolearnbyteaching;andtoCynthiaRead at Oxford University Press for proving the ideal editor for a book of this sort. TheinterlibraryloanstaffatNorthwesternUniversityLibraryhaveobtaineda constant stream of materials to sustain my research habit. Countless people have given me invaluable help on my visits to their churches, including at times the most basic service of providing a key. Unfortunately many of them are nameless to me. I must at least express gratitudetoFatherDonaldSchell and Father Richard Fabian, of Saint Gregory of Nyssa in San Francisco, and Father Johannes FlossandChristaSchinkenmeyer,ofSanktFronleichnamin Aachen;andFatherDuncanRoss,ofSaintPaul’sBowCommon. The Northwestern University Research Grants Committee has provided partial support for the publication of this book, and I am grateful for this assistance. Over the decades, several church communities have informed my sense ofhowecclesiasticalarchitecturecomesaliveinarangeofliturgicaluses:Saint ThomasMoreChurchinLouisville,whereIgrewupatatimewhenthechurch building was architecturally unambitious but the liturgy was more richly de- velopedthanIcouldthenappreciate;SheilCenterinEvanston,whichaccom- modateswithequalgracethethrongsofAshWednesdayandthequietfewon weekday afternoons; Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral in Chicago, known as the Louis Sullivan church but more importantly a coherent specimen of tra- ditionalRussiandesign;andSaintLuke’sEpiscopalChurchinEvanston,which was begun in the early twentieth century as a classic Anglo-Catholic church andstill(liketheChurchuniversal)awaitsitsfinishingtouches. Not all these people and communities would agree with what I have to say. But I hope, at least, not to have been blind or deaf to what they cherish andwhattheyhavetriedtoteachme. Thisbookisdedicatedtothememoryofmymother,VirginiaKelleyKieck- hefer,whosecontributiontoitwasbyfarthemostvital:shefirsttookmetoa church for baptism when I was an infant, she took me again when I was a very young child (I looked about and asked where God was, and she said he was all around us), she went with me exploring churches even as her health declined, and now she has passed beyond symbols and metaphors to “that eternalandblessedchurch”whichothersprefigure. A Note on Illustrations Inadditiontotheplatesgiveninthisbook,readersmayconsultthelistingof churchesontheEmporisWebsite,http://www.emporis.com.Thissitegivesa wideselectionofimages,includingmanyforchurchesdiscussedhere.
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