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The Woolly Monkey: Behavior, Ecology, Systematics, and Captive Research PDF

300 Pages·2014·9.215 MB·English
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The Woolly Monkey Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects Series Editor Louise Barrett, Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5852 Thomas R. Defler • Pablo R. Stevenson Editors The Woolly Monkey Behavior, Ecology, Systematics, and Captive Research 1 3 Editors Thomas R. Defler Pablo R. Stevenson Departamento de Biología Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Nacional de Colombia Universidad de Los Andes Bogotá Bogotá Cundinamarca Colombia Colombia ISBN 978-1-4939-0696-3 ISBN 978-1-4939-0697-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-0697-0 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014936405 © Springer New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita- tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or infor- mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar meth- odology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplica- tion of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publica- tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publica- tion, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents Part I Introduction 1 Introduction: Studying Woolly Monkeys ................................................ 3 Thomas R. Defler and Pablo R. Stevenson 1.1 Organization of the Volume ................................................................ 5 References .................................................................................................... 9 Part II Systematics and Taxonomy 2 Coat Color is not an Indicator of Subspecies Identity in Colombian Woolly Monkeys .................................................................... 17 Sergio Botero and Pablo R. Stevenson 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 17 2.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 18 2.3 Results ................................................................................................. 22 2.4 Discussion ........................................................................................... 26 References .................................................................................................... 29 3 Colombian Lagothrix: Analysis of Their Phenotypes and Taxonomy .... 33 Thomas R. Defler 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 33 3.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 35 3.3 Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 37 3.4 Conclusion........................................................................................... 52 Gazetteer for Lagothrix lagothricha ............................................................ 53 References .................................................................................................... 57 Part III Ex Situ Research 4 Behavior and Husbandry of a Captive Group of Woolly Monkeys: A Case Study ............................................................................ 61 Brent C. White and Silvia Zirkelbach 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 61 v vi Contents 4.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 62 4.3 Results, Discussion, and Conclusions ................................................. 64 References .................................................................................................... 72 5 Clinical Experience and Diseases of the Woolly Monkey ( Lagothrix lagothricha) at the Louisville Zoo ......................................... 75 Roy Burns 5.1 Preventative Health of Lagothrix at the Louisville Zoo ...................... 75 5.2 Hypertension and Hypertension-Related Disease ............................... 76 5.3 Woolly Monkey Hepatitis B virus ....................................................... 78 5.4 Ascending Paralysis ............................................................................ 79 5.5 Toxoplasmosis ..................................................................................... 79 5.6 Other Management Concerns/Diseases ............................................... 80 References .................................................................................................... 80 6 Recent Advances in Woolly Monkey Nutrition ...................................... 83 Kimberly D. Ange-van Heugten 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 83 6.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 88 6.3 Discussion: Research Implications and New Diet Strategy ................ 90 References .................................................................................................... 91 7 Effect of Housing Conditions and Diet on the Behavior of Captive Woolly Monkeys ( Lagothrix) ..................................................... 93 Diana Carolina Guzmán-Caro and Pablo R. Stevenson 7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 93 7.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 95 7.3 Results ................................................................................................. 100 7.4 Discussion ........................................................................................... 105 Appendix 7.1 ................................................................................................ 108 References .................................................................................................... 109 Part IV In Situ Ecology and Behavior 8 Life History, Behavior, and Development of Wild Immature Lowland Woolly Monkeys ( Lagothrix poeppigii ) in Amazonian Ecuador ............................................................................. 113 Christopher A. Schmitt and Anthony Di Fiore 8.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 114 8.2 Defining Developmental Landmarks in Juvenile and Adolescent Woolly Monkeys ........................................................ 115 8.3 Social Structure and Sex-Specific Development ................................ 118 8.4 Methods ............................................................................................... 120 8.5 Results ................................................................................................. 128 Contents vii 8.6 Discussion ......................................................................................... 136 8.7 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 140 References .................................................................................................. 141 9 Seed Dispersal by Woolly Monkeys ( Lagothrix lagothricha) at Caparú Biological Station (Colombia): Quantitative Description and Qualitative Analysis .................................................... 147 Marcos González and Pablo R. Stevenson 9.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 148 9.2 Methods ............................................................................................. 149 9.3 Results ............................................................................................... 152 9.4 Discussion ......................................................................................... 156 Appendix 9.1 .............................................................................................. 158 References .................................................................................................. 163 10 Ranging Behaviour, Daily Path Lengths, Diet and Habitat Use of Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkeys ( Lagothrix flavicauda) at La Esperanza, Peru ............................................................................ 167 Sam Shanee 10.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 168 10.2 Methods ........................................................................................... 169 10.3 Results ............................................................................................. 174 10.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 178 References .................................................................................................. 182 11 Vocal Communication in Woolly Monkeys ( Lagothrix lagothricha lugens) in Cueva de los Guacharos National Park, Colombia ........................................................................................ 187 J. Julián León, Sergio A. Vargas, Mónica A. Ramírez, Nelson F. Galvis, Edgar F. Cifuentes and Pablo R. Stevenson 11.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 188 11.2 Methods ........................................................................................... 189 11.3 Results ............................................................................................. 192 11.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 196 11.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 201 References .................................................................................................. 202 12 Potential Determinants of the Abundance of Woolly Monkeys in Neotropical Forests ............................................................ 207 Pablo R. Stevenson 12.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 207 12.2 Methods ........................................................................................... 209 12.3 Results ............................................................................................. 212 12.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 217 References .................................................................................................. 220 viii Contents 13 Behavioral Ecology and Interindividual Distance of Woolly Monkeys ( Lagothrix lagothricha) in a Rainforest Fragment in Colombia .............................................................................................. 227 Diego A. Zárate and Pablo R. Stevenson 13.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 228 13.2 Methods ........................................................................................... 229 13.3 Results ............................................................................................. 233 13.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 237 Appendix 13.1 ............................................................................................ 242 References .................................................................................................. 243 Part V Conservation 14 Notes on the Behavior of Captive and Released Woolly Monkeys ( Lagothrix lagothricha): Reintroduction as a Conservation Strategy in Colombian Southern Amazon .................... 249 Juan F Millán, Sara E Bennett and Pablo R. Stevenson 14.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 250 14.2 Methods ........................................................................................... 251 14.3 Results ............................................................................................. 254 14.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 257 References .................................................................................................. 265 15 Population Viability Analysis of Woolly Monkeys in Western Amazonia ................................................................................................. 267 Diego J. Lizcano, Jorge A. Ahumada, Akisato Nishimura and Pablo R. Stevenson 15.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 268 15.2 Methods ........................................................................................... 269 15.3 Results ............................................................................................. 273 15.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 276 References .................................................................................................. 279 16 Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkey ( Lagothrix flavicauda): Conservation Status, Anthropogenic Threats, and Conservation Initiatives .......................................................................... 283 Noga Shanee and Sam Shanee 16.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 283 16.2 Conservation Initiatives .................................................................. 292 16.3 Conclusion....................................................................................... 295 References .................................................................................................. 295 Index ............................................................................................................... 301 Contributors Jorge A. Ahumada Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA Kimberly D. Ange-van Heugten North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Sara E Bennett Fundación Maikuchiga, Bogotá, Amazonas, Colombia Sergio Botero Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología (LEBTYP), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Roy Burns Louisville Zoological Garden, Louisville, USA Edgar F. Cifuentes Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Thomas R. Defler Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia Anthony Di Fiore Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA Nelson F. Galvis Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Marcos González Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas La Macarena, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Diana Carolina Guzmán-Caro Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia J. Julián León Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Diego J. Lizcano Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Biogeografía (GIEB), Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia ix

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