The Woolly Monkey: Behavior, Ecology, Systematics, and Captive Research

300 Pages·2014·9.215 MB·English

by  Thomas R. Defler, Pablo R. Stevenson (eds.)

The Woolly Monkey
Developments in Primatology:
Progress and Prospects
Series Editor
Louise Barrett, Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge,
Alberta, Canada
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/5852
Thomas R. Defler • Pablo R. Stevenson
Editors
The Woolly Monkey
Behavior, Ecology, Systematics, and Captive
Research
1 3
Editors
Thomas R. Defler Pablo R. Stevenson
Departamento de Biología Ciencias Biologicas
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Universidad de Los Andes
Bogotá Bogotá
Cundinamarca Colombia
Colombia
ISBN 978-1-4939-0696-3 ISBN 978-1-4939-0697-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-0697-0
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014936405
© Springer New York 2014
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita-
tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or infor-
mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar meth-
odology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in
connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being
entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplica-
tion of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of
the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center.
Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publica-
tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publica-
tion, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors
or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Introduction: Studying Woolly Monkeys ................................................ 3
Thomas R. Defler and Pablo R. Stevenson
1.1 Organization of the Volume ................................................................ 5
References .................................................................................................... 9
Part II Systematics and Taxonomy
2 Coat Color is not an Indicator of Subspecies Identity in
Colombian Woolly Monkeys .................................................................... 17
Sergio Botero and Pablo R. Stevenson
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 17
2.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 18
2.3 Results ................................................................................................. 22
2.4 Discussion ........................................................................................... 26
References .................................................................................................... 29
3 Colombian Lagothrix: Analysis of Their Phenotypes and Taxonomy .... 33
Thomas R. Defler
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 33
3.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 35
3.3 Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 37
3.4 Conclusion........................................................................................... 52
Gazetteer for Lagothrix lagothricha ............................................................ 53
References .................................................................................................... 57
Part III Ex Situ Research
4 Behavior and Husbandry of a Captive Group of Woolly
Monkeys: A Case Study ............................................................................ 61
Brent C. White and Silvia Zirkelbach
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 61
v
vi Contents
4.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 62
4.3 Results, Discussion, and Conclusions ................................................. 64
References .................................................................................................... 72
5 Clinical Experience and Diseases of the Woolly Monkey
( Lagothrix lagothricha) at the Louisville Zoo ......................................... 75
Roy Burns
5.1 Preventative Health of Lagothrix at the Louisville Zoo ...................... 75
5.2 Hypertension and Hypertension-Related Disease ............................... 76
5.3 Woolly Monkey Hepatitis B virus ....................................................... 78
5.4 Ascending Paralysis ............................................................................ 79
5.5 Toxoplasmosis ..................................................................................... 79
5.6 Other Management Concerns/Diseases ............................................... 80
References .................................................................................................... 80
6 Recent Advances in Woolly Monkey Nutrition ...................................... 83
Kimberly D. Ange-van Heugten
6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 83
6.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 88
6.3 Discussion: Research Implications and New Diet Strategy ................ 90
References .................................................................................................... 91
7 Effect of Housing Conditions and Diet on the Behavior of
Captive Woolly Monkeys ( Lagothrix) ..................................................... 93
Diana Carolina Guzmán-Caro and Pablo R. Stevenson
7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 93
7.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 95
7.3 Results ................................................................................................. 100
7.4 Discussion ........................................................................................... 105
Appendix 7.1 ................................................................................................ 108
References .................................................................................................... 109
Part IV In Situ Ecology and Behavior
8 Life History, Behavior, and Development of Wild Immature
Lowland Woolly Monkeys ( Lagothrix poeppigii )
in Amazonian Ecuador ............................................................................. 113
Christopher A. Schmitt and Anthony Di Fiore
8.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 114
8.2 Defining Developmental Landmarks in Juvenile
and Adolescent Woolly Monkeys ........................................................ 115
8.3 Social Structure and Sex-Specific Development ................................ 118
8.4 Methods ............................................................................................... 120
8.5 Results ................................................................................................. 128
Contents vii
8.6 Discussion ......................................................................................... 136
8.7 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 140
References .................................................................................................. 141
9 Seed Dispersal by Woolly Monkeys ( Lagothrix lagothricha)
at Caparú Biological Station (Colombia): Quantitative
Description and Qualitative Analysis .................................................... 147
Marcos González and Pablo R. Stevenson
9.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 148
9.2 Methods ............................................................................................. 149
9.3 Results ............................................................................................... 152
9.4 Discussion ......................................................................................... 156
Appendix 9.1 .............................................................................................. 158
References .................................................................................................. 163
10 Ranging Behaviour, Daily Path Lengths, Diet and Habitat
Use of Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkeys ( Lagothrix flavicauda)
at La Esperanza, Peru ............................................................................ 167
Sam Shanee
10.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 168
10.2 Methods ........................................................................................... 169
10.3 Results ............................................................................................. 174
10.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 178
References .................................................................................................. 182
11 Vocal Communication in Woolly Monkeys ( Lagothrix
lagothricha lugens) in Cueva de los Guacharos National
Park, Colombia ........................................................................................ 187
J. Julián León, Sergio A. Vargas, Mónica A. Ramírez, Nelson F.
Galvis, Edgar F. Cifuentes and Pablo R. Stevenson
11.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 188
11.2 Methods ........................................................................................... 189
11.3 Results ............................................................................................. 192
11.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 196
11.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 201
References .................................................................................................. 202
12 Potential Determinants of the Abundance of Woolly
Monkeys in Neotropical Forests ............................................................ 207
Pablo R. Stevenson
12.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 207
12.2 Methods ........................................................................................... 209
12.3 Results ............................................................................................. 212
12.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 217
References .................................................................................................. 220
viii Contents
13 Behavioral Ecology and Interindividual Distance of Woolly
Monkeys ( Lagothrix lagothricha) in a Rainforest Fragment
in Colombia .............................................................................................. 227
Diego A. Zárate and Pablo R. Stevenson
13.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 228
13.2 Methods ........................................................................................... 229
13.3 Results ............................................................................................. 233
13.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 237
Appendix 13.1 ............................................................................................ 242
References .................................................................................................. 243
Part V Conservation
14 Notes on the Behavior of Captive and Released Woolly
Monkeys ( Lagothrix lagothricha): Reintroduction as a
Conservation Strategy in Colombian Southern Amazon .................... 249
Juan F Millán, Sara E Bennett and Pablo R. Stevenson
14.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 250
14.2 Methods ........................................................................................... 251
14.3 Results ............................................................................................. 254
14.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 257
References .................................................................................................. 265
15 Population Viability Analysis of Woolly Monkeys in Western
Amazonia ................................................................................................. 267
Diego J. Lizcano, Jorge A. Ahumada, Akisato Nishimura
and Pablo R. Stevenson
15.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 268
15.2 Methods ........................................................................................... 269
15.3 Results ............................................................................................. 273
15.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 276
References .................................................................................................. 279
16 Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkey ( Lagothrix flavicauda):
Conservation Status, Anthropogenic Threats, and
Conservation Initiatives .......................................................................... 283
Noga Shanee and Sam Shanee
16.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 283
16.2 Conservation Initiatives .................................................................. 292
16.3 Conclusion....................................................................................... 295
References .................................................................................................. 295
Index ............................................................................................................... 301
Contributors
Jorge A. Ahumada Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
Kimberly D. Ange-van Heugten North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC,
USA
Sara E Bennett Fundación Maikuchiga, Bogotá, Amazonas, Colombia
Sergio Botero Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología
(LEBTYP), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
Roy Burns Louisville Zoological Garden, Louisville, USA
Edgar F. Cifuentes Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología,
Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
Thomas R. Defler Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia,
Bogotá, Colombia
Anthony Di Fiore Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX,
USA
Nelson F. Galvis Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología,
Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
Marcos González Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas La Macarena,
Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
Diana Carolina Guzmán-Caro Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
J. Julián León Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología,
Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
Diego J. Lizcano Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Biogeografía (GIEB),
Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia
ix