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THE WEAVING OFM ANTRA KO.kaain dt heC onstrucotfiE osno terBiucd dhiDsits course RyuicAhbie ColumbiUan iversPirteys s NEW YORK ColumbiUan iversPirteyse sx presistegssr atittuodM er .a ndM rs.R yojSia to, Mr.a ndM rs.K ikuToa nakMar,. a ndM rs.M asaoO shimaa,n d Mr.a ndM rs.K atsutoTsahnia kfao rt heigre neroguisft , whicmha dep ossibtlheep ublicaotfit ohniv so lume. ColumbiUan iversPirteys s PublishSeirnsc1 e8 93 New York ChichestWeers,tS ussex Copyrigh1t9©9 9C olumbiUan iversPirteys s Allr ighrtess erved LibraorfyC ongreCsast aloginPgu-bilni-catDiaotna Abc,R yiiich1i9,5 4- Thew eavinogfm antr:aK iikaain dt hec onstrucotfie osno teric / Buddhidsits coursRey iiicAhbic p. em. Includbeisb liograprheifcearle nacnedis n dex. ISBNo -231-112(8c6l-o6t hI)S-BNo -231-112(8p7b-k4. ) r.K iikai7,7 4-8352..S hingo(nS ect)D-octrineIs.T. i tle. BQ8999.K857A13949 9 294.3'92-dc21 98-36381 Casbeo unde ditioonfCs o lumbia UnivPerressbisot oyk asr c printoendp ermaneanntd d urabalcei d-fpraepee r. Printiendt heU niteSdt atoefsA merica CIO 9 8 7 64 2 p!O 9 8 7 6 4 2 Form yf atheRr,y ubuAnb e, whot aughmte t hpel easoufrl ee arning Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XI CHRONOLOGY OF KUKAI'SI NTERACTION WITH THE NARA CLERGY XV ILLUSTRATIONS XIX Introduction 1. Kiikaain d(V ery)E arlHye iaSno cieAt Pyr:o legomenon I9 Buddhisamn dt heRi tsurySot ate 24 Kl"1kaain dH isA lliawnciett hh eN araC lergy 4I OriginT)r aceNso)n origin PARTI 2. KiikaiD'iss seOnftM :e ndicaanncdFy i ction KukaiY'osu thC:o nfuciaLne arnivnigs -a-Bvuidsd hiPsrta ctice7 I TheS tatUeb,a sokaun,dP opulBaurd dhism 76 Lacunoaf E sotericTihsemS :a ngsoh iiaksai S elPf-ortrait 83 ApologetoirAc pso logiTah:eF ictiovfit thyeR okos hiiki 96 TheD ilemmoaf K ukaiF'isc tiaonndM ikkyo 105 3. JournteoCy h inOau:t siRdiet suDryios course 113 ForeiLgann guagSet udiaensd E soterBiucd dhism 114 MasteHru i-kuaon dt heS tudoyf E soterRiitcu als I20 Mantraan dA bhi�ektah,eG enealogTiecchanlo logies I27 Abhi�eaksaa GenerTahle oroyf E nlightenment I4I Vttt Contents 4-. (NoT)r acoefsE soteBruidcd hisDmh:a rarfia ndt heN ara BuddhiLsitt erature r5r TheZ omitsu/JuScnhmeimtaens duI t Lsi mitations 152 (In)visiobfiElsiottye riicnit shemN araB uddhiCsutl ture I54- DharaQ.EIx:o teraincdE soteric Functions 159 EsoterDihca raQ.iInt heN araR ituSapla ce r68 DiscourTsaex,o nom,ay ndK ukaiB'isb liography 176 PARTI I Cartography 185 5. Categoaryn dH istoCryo:n structthieEn sgo teIr ic, "ShingSocnh oola"sa nAm bivalenicneK ukaiW'rsi tings 189 Tokuitasnud K iikaiTh:e D elineatofiM oink ktyhoEe,s oteric2 04- Proooff t heD harmakaya's Proefta hcehD ihnagr ma 213 Tropintgh eL ineagTeh:eC onstrucotfito hnEe s oteric Nagarjuna 220 6. The DiscoofuC rosmep lementCaornisttyr:u ctthien g EsoteIr iIc , 237 On theRi tuaolf t heG oldLeignh Stit tra 238 TheE xoteraincd t hEes oterRieca dinogft heP raji'ia-param2i4-t7a FromD haratQ.oIM antrAa :P aradiSghmi ft 260 PARTI II Writianngd P olity 273 7. Semioloofgyt heD harmao;r,T heS omaticoiftt hyeT ext 275 OfVoicLee,t tearn,dR eality 278 Syntaoxft hWeo rldT-ext 28I On theS cienocfeW riting 288 Mantraas T extiPlreo duction 293 LetteLrisf,Be r eatahn,d t heC osmiPca lace 300 8. OfM antraa ndP alacTee:x tualtihzeEi nmgp eroCr,a lamity, andt heC osmos 305 RectificaotfiN oanm esa ndt heRi tsurySot ate 3IO RitsurByuod dhisamn dt heD iscouorfsC ea lamities 315 Refiguratoifot nhE em perorA: R einterpreotfaKtuikoani 's TeAnb idiSntga ges 323 CONTENTS IX Mantraan dt heN ew ScienocfeC alamities 334- TheM ishuhaon dt heR ituRaelc onstrucotfit ohneI mperial Palace 34-4- 9. A GenealoogyfM antra: Kukai's Legacy 359 TheE mperorC'osr onatiAobnh i�e(kas okkaunij o) 359 Growtho fExtra-ritEssuortyeorM iocn asteries 367 Landscaopfet heM edievSahli ngoSnc hool 37I Instituotfit ohneD harmaE mpero(r hoo) 376 EsotericOirstmh,o doxayn,dt heR elic 379 ConclusiKoiink:a ain dW ritingT-owardt heK iikaoif Extra-sectarian History 385 Postscript 399 Problewmsi tht heC ategoorfyH ei anB uddhism 399 Kiikaain dt heL imitatioofKn usr odaK'esn mitsTuh eory 4-I6 GLOSSARY 4-29 ABBREVAITIONS 4-4-9 NOTES 4-5I SELECTEDB IBLOIGRAPHY 54-I INDEX 579 Acknowledgments I remembeorn ed ayw henI wasl ookinignd ismay atn umerouhsa ndwritntoetne Ish ada ccumulattherdo ugmhy researocnh KukaiU.n likmey firsbto okp rojects-tau doyf R yokaann dh isp oems-tor whicthh em anuscrpirpetp aratwieonntr athsemro othlmyy, n oteosn Kukai refusetdo c omet ogethLeirk.ea moebac eltlhse yk eptp roliferaatlitlnh ge, whilceh angitnhge isrh apeWsh.e n Ifi nalmlayn agetdo a ssembtlhee mi nto a manuscritphtee, a rlidersatfto ft hibso okm,y joyw ass hort-liIvthe add. grownt atro ol onga ndc omplicatotre pdu blicatFiroonmt. h astt agoen ward, howeveIrf ,o rtunarteecleyi cvoeud ntless encourfraogme mmye fnrtise nadnsd colleagIetws a.s t hewyh o madei tp ossibfloerm e toc ontinmuye w orkt,o reshatphee s tructoufrd er aftasn dt or efinteh eidre tail. I cannotth anekn oughH aruoS hiranweh,o heaviilnyv estheidst imei n readimnyg w orka ndu rgemde witihn cisivteond eesvse lmoyp ideafusr ther. Withouhti wsa rms uppoIrc to ulndo th avgea thertehdes trengttoch o mplete thipsr ojecIt a.m alsdoe eplgyr atefi.1tlo RoberTth urmanw,h o liberally madeh imsealvfa ilatobrl ceo nsultatlieonhtni ,su nderstantdoim nyg r ather unorthodaopxp roatcoht hes tudoyf B uddhisamn,d i nspirmeed t ot hink differePnatulAlyn .d erePre,t eArw n,T omiS uzukWia,y neP roudfooatn,d DaviWda nga rea mongo thecro lleagoufme isn ea tC olumbiwah oses upport hasb eene ssenttoira mly intellegcrtouwatlhI .a lstoh anBka rbaRruac hf or shariwnigt hm e herk nowledogfew omen'esx perieinncJ ea paneBsued dhist history. Iw oulld ikteoe xpremsys g enuignrea tittuodP ee teHra skew!h,o p atiently listetnoem dy explanatoiffo onr matiovftee,nf ragmentiadreyaf so,l lowtehde developmoefnm ty manuscrfirpotm i tisn cepttiooc no mpletiaonnd,a te ach staghee lpemde ini mprovimnyg p resentation. I am indebtteodW illiaLma Fleuarn dJ aqueliSnteo new,h o carefully reamdy earliderra fta ndp rovidmeed w ithe xtremecloyn strucctriivtei cism. ProfessLoarF leurs'csh olarshhaisbp e ena n importainnts piratotri omny Xtt Acknowledgments effotroti ntegrmaetteh odosf l itercarriyt iciinstmto h er eadionfgB uddhist tex.t saIl sboe nefitegdr eatflryo mt hei nsigohftP rofesSstoor new,h ose expertiinst eh eT endaSic hooaln di tess otetrriacd itwiaosin n strumefnotra l me top roblematthiezc eo nventimoannanle irn w hicKhii kaiS,a ichaon,d t he Buddhisomft hee arlHye iapne riohda vbee ent reated. Ia m equaltlhya nkfutloC arBli elefeBledrtn,a Fradu rAel,l aGnr aparPda,u l GroneJro,h nM cRaeR,o berSth arafn,d G eorgTea nabew,h or eamdy early drafta ndp resentmeed w ithi nvaluable sugwgietshtoiuwothn isc,hI could noth avec ondensmeyd manuscrtiopa t publishasbilzeeT .h ep ioneering worktsh essec holahrasv ep roduceidnt hes tudoyf B uddhisimn E asAts ia havbee ent heg uidifnogr cfeo rm y attemapttp resentair nagd icraela ppraisal ofK iikaip'lsa cien J apanehsies toIr aym. alshoo noretdh atth efo llowing scholawrhso,s ew orkhsa veb eenc onstasnotu rcoefsi nspirattoim oen,r ead my manuscriinpp ta rotr i ni tesn tiraentdyg avme e encouragcionmgm ents: WilliaBmo diforKda,r eBnr ockJ,a meDso bbinRso,b erGti millEol,i zabeth tenG rotenhuLiisv,iK ao hnJ,o hn NelFsaobni,Rao m bellIia,n R eadeBrr,i an RupperStt,e pheTne isearn,dS tanlWeeyi nstein. Amongm y associiantJ easp aIna ,m particuilnadrelbyt teodI maMia saharu atT sukubUan iversaintdSy u ekFiu mihiaktoT okyoU niversIia tmy t.h ankful tom y formetre acheartTs a ishUon iversEintyd,oY iijunF,u kudRay oseain,d YoshiKdoas eki, ewnhaob lmeed t oa cquiknroew ledgoef t raditidooncatlr inal studiweist hitnh eS hingoSnc hooIl a.l soow em ucht oh istorriecsaela rch carrioeudtb yH ashimoHtaot sukKoa,m ikawMai chiMoa,t suKoe njNia,g a­ muraM akotoO,i shiCoh ihirSoa,t Hoi rooT,a kagSih ingeTna,i rMaa sayuki, UshiyamYao shiyaunkdiY oshiKadzau hiko. I am forevienrd ebtteodY oshiHtaok edaw,h o trainmeed r igorouisnl y readinEgs oterBiucd dhissctr ipttuerxatlIs w.i lrle maignr atefutlo P hilip Yampolswkhyo,t aughmte alels senstkiilanlles c essfaorcrya rryoiuntgr esearch inp rimarByu ddhitsetx tIs w.i lall sroe membetrh et aintlheesasro tf P erna LosanCgh ogyenw,h osel oveo fl earnihnegl pemde ind evelopibnegt ter understanodfiE nsgo terBiucd dhirsitt uaIld se.p lotrhee iurn timedleyp arture andd eeplmyi stsh eikri ndne.s s I foundi tf ortuntahtaewt h ilIe w ase ngagiinngt hipsr ojeIc wta ss ur­ roundebdy manyt alentgerda duastteu denwthso showedi nteriensm ty worka ndp rovidmeed withn ew perspectTihveeysi .n cluGdien aC ogan, Anne CommonsD,a viGdr ayL,a urHaa rringtMoanr,i nIal liJcahy,n Kei m, KennetLhe eJ,o sepLho izzDoa,v iLdu riTeo,m okoS ugahaTrhao,m as Yarnell, ChristWieadne meyer-anLdo rMie eksa,n u nusuaglliyft erde ligimoanj or graduatCionlgu mbiCao llege. I coulndo th aveb egunt hipsr ojewcitt houMta rutYao shiSoa,t oR yoji, Tanaka Kikuo, MOasshaioma,an dT anakKaa tsutoswhhio, g enerously ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Xlll patronimzye rde searicnih t esa rlpyh asAlee.x andeBrr ownK,e nnetHha rlin, AnyH einriYcahs,u kMoa kino,R ongxiaZnhga nga,n do thelri brarainadsn ts aff memberast C olumbiaS'tsa rr East Asian Ligbarvater hye iahrse sairsttialnyc e tom y researhcehr e. Thivso lumhea sb eeng reatelnyh ancbeydt hee ncouragemIer netc eived fromJ ennifCerre wem,y editoartC olumbiUan iversPirteys as,n dA nne McCoy,m anaginegd itoIr a.l saop precitahteme e ticuleoduist orsiuaplp ort providbeydS uzannSec hafearn dh ers tafIf. a m equalilnyd ebtteodJ ohn Stormw,h oc arefulrleya mdy proof. FinalIl aym, enormoustlhya nkfutlo S achikfoo,rg raciously hgeirv ing tendecra rteo a liln m y familtyh rougthh ester yiynega rosf m y careeIr'.m gratetfuolm y wifKea nuif,o ra lways bmeyi bnegs ftr ienadn,dt oT aigaan d Karunoau,r g rowinpga inasn dj oysw,ho m adem e renemwy gratittuodm ey parents.

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The great Buddhist priest Kûkai (774-835) is credited with the introduction and establishment of tantric -or esoteric -Buddhism in early ninth-century Japan. In Ryûichi Abé examines this important religious figure -neglected in modern academic literature -and his profound influence on Japanese cu
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The Weaving of Mantra: Kukai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse PDF

599 Pages·1999·30.24 MB·English
by  Ryûichi Abé
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Preview The Weaving of Mantra: Kukai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse

THE WEAVING OFM ANTRA KO.kaain dt heC onstrucotfiE osno terBiucd dhiDsits course RyuicAhbie ColumbiUan iversPirteys s NEW YORK ColumbiUan iversPirteyse sx presistegssr atittuodM er .a ndM rs.R yojSia to, Mr.a ndM rs.K ikuToa nakMar,. a ndM rs.M asaoO shimaa,n d Mr.a ndM rs.K atsutoTsahnia kfao rt heigre neroguisft , whicmha dep ossibtlheep ublicaotfit ohniv so lume. ColumbiUan iversPirteys s PublishSeirnsc1 e8 93 New York ChichestWeers,tS ussex Copyrigh1t9©9 9C olumbiUan iversPirteys s Allr ighrtess erved LibraorfyC ongreCsast aloginPgu-bilni-catDiaotna Abc,R yiiich1i9,5 4- Thew eavinogfm antr:aK iikaain dt hec onstrucotfie osno teric / Buddhidsits coursRey iiicAhbic p. em. Includbeisb liograprheifcearle nacnedis n dex. ISBNo -231-112(8c6l-o6t hI)S-BNo -231-112(8p7b-k4. ) r.K iikai7,7 4-8352..S hingo(nS ect)D-octrineIs.T. i tle. BQ8999.K857A13949 9 294.3'92-dc21 98-36381 Casbeo unde ditioonfCs o lumbia UnivPerressbisot oyk asr c printoendp ermaneanntd d urabalcei d-fpraepee r. Printiendt heU niteSdt atoefsA merica CIO 9 8 7 64 2 p!O 9 8 7 6 4 2 Form yf atheRr,y ubuAnb e, whot aughmte t hpel easoufrl ee arning Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XI CHRONOLOGY OF KUKAI'SI NTERACTION WITH THE NARA CLERGY XV ILLUSTRATIONS XIX Introduction 1. Kiikaain d(V ery)E arlHye iaSno cieAt Pyr:o legomenon I9 Buddhisamn dt heRi tsurySot ate 24 Kl"1kaain dH isA lliawnciett hh eN araC lergy 4I OriginT)r aceNso)n origin PARTI 2. KiikaiD'iss seOnftM :e ndicaanncdFy i ction KukaiY'osu thC:o nfuciaLne arnivnigs -a-Bvuidsd hiPsrta ctice7 I TheS tatUeb,a sokaun,dP opulBaurd dhism 76 Lacunoaf E sotericTihsemS :a ngsoh iiaksai S elPf-ortrait 83 ApologetoirAc pso logiTah:eF ictiovfit thyeR okos hiiki 96 TheD ilemmoaf K ukaiF'isc tiaonndM ikkyo 105 3. JournteoCy h inOau:t siRdiet suDryios course 113 ForeiLgann guagSet udiaensd E soterBiucd dhism 114 MasteHru i-kuaon dt heS tudoyf E soterRiitcu als I20 Mantraan dA bhi�ektah,eG enealogTiecchanlo logies I27 Abhi�eaksaa GenerTahle oroyf E nlightenment I4I Vttt Contents 4-. (NoT)r acoefsE soteBruidcd hisDmh:a rarfia ndt heN ara BuddhiLsitt erature r5r TheZ omitsu/JuScnhmeimtaens duI t Lsi mitations 152 (In)visiobfiElsiottye riicnit shemN araB uddhiCsutl ture I54- DharaQ.EIx:o teraincdE soteric Functions 159 EsoterDihca raQ.iInt heN araR ituSapla ce r68 DiscourTsaex,o nom,ay ndK ukaiB'isb liography 176 PARTI I Cartography 185 5. Categoaryn dH istoCryo:n structthieEn sgo teIr ic, "ShingSocnh oola"sa nAm bivalenicneK ukaiW'rsi tings 189 Tokuitasnud K iikaiTh:e D elineatofiM oink ktyhoEe,s oteric2 04- Proooff t heD harmakaya's Proefta hcehD ihnagr ma 213 Tropintgh eL ineagTeh:eC onstrucotfito hnEe s oteric Nagarjuna 220 6. The DiscoofuC rosmep lementCaornisttyr:u ctthien g EsoteIr iIc , 237 On theRi tuaolf t heG oldLeignh Stit tra 238 TheE xoteraincd t hEes oterRieca dinogft heP raji'ia-param2i4-t7a FromD haratQ.oIM antrAa :P aradiSghmi ft 260 PARTI II Writianngd P olity 273 7. Semioloofgyt heD harmao;r,T heS omaticoiftt hyeT ext 275 OfVoicLee,t tearn,dR eality 278 Syntaoxft hWeo rldT-ext 28I On theS cienocfeW riting 288 Mantraas T extiPlreo duction 293 LetteLrisf,Be r eatahn,d t heC osmiPca lace 300 8. OfM antraa ndP alacTee:x tualtihzeEi nmgp eroCr,a lamity, andt heC osmos 305 RectificaotfiN oanm esa ndt heRi tsurySot ate 3IO RitsurByuod dhisamn dt heD iscouorfsC ea lamities 315 Refiguratoifot nhE em perorA: R einterpreotfaKtuikoani 's TeAnb idiSntga ges 323 CONTENTS IX Mantraan dt heN ew ScienocfeC alamities 334- TheM ishuhaon dt heR ituRaelc onstrucotfit ohneI mperial Palace 34-4- 9. A GenealoogyfM antra: Kukai's Legacy 359 TheE mperorC'osr onatiAobnh i�e(kas okkaunij o) 359 Growtho fExtra-ritEssuortyeorM iocn asteries 367 Landscaopfet heM edievSahli ngoSnc hool 37I Instituotfit ohneD harmaE mpero(r hoo) 376 EsotericOirstmh,o doxayn,dt heR elic 379 ConclusiKoiink:a ain dW ritingT-owardt heK iikaoif Extra-sectarian History 385 Postscript 399 Problewmsi tht heC ategoorfyH ei anB uddhism 399 Kiikaain dt heL imitatioofKn usr odaK'esn mitsTuh eory 4-I6 GLOSSARY 4-29 ABBREVAITIONS 4-4-9 NOTES 4-5I SELECTEDB IBLOIGRAPHY 54-I INDEX 579 Acknowledgments I remembeorn ed ayw henI wasl ookinignd ismay atn umerouhsa ndwritntoetne Ish ada ccumulattherdo ugmhy researocnh KukaiU.n likmey firsbto okp rojects-tau doyf R yokaann dh isp oems-tor whicthh em anuscrpirpetp aratwieonntr athsemro othlmyy, n oteosn Kukai refusetdo c omet ogethLeirk.ea moebac eltlhse yk eptp roliferaatlitlnh ge, whilceh angitnhge isrh apeWsh.e n Ifi nalmlayn agetdo a ssembtlhee mi nto a manuscritphtee, a rlidersatfto ft hibso okm,y joyw ass hort-liIvthe add. grownt atro ol onga ndc omplicatotre pdu blicatFiroonmt. h astt agoen ward, howeveIrf ,o rtunarteecleyi cvoeud ntless encourfraogme mmye fnrtise nadnsd colleagIetws a.s t hewyh o madei tp ossibfloerm e toc ontinmuye w orkt,o reshatphee s tructoufrd er aftasn dt or efinteh eidre tail. I cannotth anekn oughH aruoS hiranweh,o heaviilnyv estheidst imei n readimnyg w orka ndu rgemde witihn cisivteond eesvse lmoyp ideafusr ther. Withouhti wsa rms uppoIrc to ulndo th avgea thertehdes trengttoch o mplete thipsr ojecIt a.m alsdoe eplgyr atefi.1tlo RoberTth urmanw,h o liberally madeh imsealvfa ilatobrl ceo nsultatlieonhtni ,su nderstantdoim nyg r ather unorthodaopxp roatcoht hes tudoyf B uddhisamn,d i nspirmeed t ot hink differePnatulAlyn .d erePre,t eArw n,T omiS uzukWia,y neP roudfooatn,d DaviWda nga rea mongo thecro lleagoufme isn ea tC olumbiwah oses upport hasb eene ssenttoira mly intellegcrtouwatlhI .a lstoh anBka rbaRruac hf or shariwnigt hm e herk nowledogfew omen'esx perieinncJ ea paneBsued dhist history. Iw oulld ikteoe xpremsys g enuignrea tittuodP ee teHra skew!h,o p atiently listetnoem dy explanatoiffo onr matiovftee,nf ragmentiadreyaf so,l lowtehde developmoefnm ty manuscrfirpotm i tisn cepttiooc no mpletiaonnd,a te ach staghee lpemde ini mprovimnyg p resentation. I am indebtteodW illiaLma Fleuarn dJ aqueliSnteo new,h o carefully reamdy earliderra fta ndp rovidmeed w ithe xtremecloyn strucctriivtei cism. ProfessLoarF leurs'csh olarshhaisbp e ena n importainnts piratotri omny Xtt Acknowledgments effotroti ntegrmaetteh odosf l itercarriyt iciinstmto h er eadionfgB uddhist tex.t saIl sboe nefitegdr eatflryo mt hei nsigohftP rofesSstoor new,h ose expertiinst eh eT endaSic hooaln di tess otetrriacd itwiaosin n strumefnotra l me top roblematthiezc eo nventimoannanle irn w hicKhii kaiS,a ichaon,d t he Buddhisomft hee arlHye iapne riohda vbee ent reated. Ia m equaltlhya nkfutloC arBli elefeBledrtn,a Fradu rAel,l aGnr aparPda,u l GroneJro,h nM cRaeR,o berSth arafn,d G eorgTea nabew,h or eamdy early drafta ndp resentmeed w ithi nvaluable sugwgietshtoiuwothn isc,hI could noth avec ondensmeyd manuscrtiopa t publishasbilzeeT .h ep ioneering worktsh essec holahrasv ep roduceidnt hes tudoyf B uddhisimn E asAts ia havbee ent heg uidifnogr cfeo rm y attemapttp resentair nagd icraela ppraisal ofK iikaip'lsa cien J apanehsies toIr aym. alshoo noretdh atth efo llowing scholawrhso,s ew orkhsa veb eenc onstasnotu rcoefsi nspirattoim oen,r ead my manuscriinpp ta rotr i ni tesn tiraentdyg avme e encouragcionmgm ents: WilliaBmo diforKda,r eBnr ockJ,a meDso bbinRso,b erGti millEol,i zabeth tenG rotenhuLiisv,iK ao hnJ,o hn NelFsaobni,Rao m bellIia,n R eadeBrr,i an RupperStt,e pheTne isearn,dS tanlWeeyi nstein. Amongm y associiantJ easp aIna ,m particuilnadrelbyt teodI maMia saharu atT sukubUan iversaintdSy u ekFiu mihiaktoT okyoU niversIia tmy t.h ankful tom y formetre acheartTs a ishUon iversEintyd,oY iijunF,u kudRay oseain,d YoshiKdoas eki, ewnhaob lmeed t oa cquiknroew ledgoef t raditidooncatlr inal studiweist hitnh eS hingoSnc hooIl a.l soow em ucht oh istorriecsaela rch carrioeudtb yH ashimoHtaot sukKoa,m ikawMai chiMoa,t suKoe njNia,g a­ muraM akotoO,i shiCoh ihirSoa,t Hoi rooT,a kagSih ingeTna,i rMaa sayuki, UshiyamYao shiyaunkdiY oshiKadzau hiko. I am forevienrd ebtteodY oshiHtaok edaw,h o trainmeed r igorouisnl y readinEgs oterBiucd dhissctr ipttuerxatlIs w.i lrle maignr atefutlo P hilip Yampolswkhyo,t aughmte alels senstkiilanlles c essfaorcrya rryoiuntgr esearch inp rimarByu ddhitsetx tIs w.i lall sroe membetrh et aintlheesasro tf P erna LosanCgh ogyenw,h osel oveo fl earnihnegl pemde ind evelopibnegt ter understanodfiE nsgo terBiucd dhirsitt uaIld se.p lotrhee iurn timedleyp arture andd eeplmyi stsh eikri ndne.s s I foundi tf ortuntahtaewt h ilIe w ase ngagiinngt hipsr ojeIc wta ss ur­ roundebdy manyt alentgerda duastteu denwthso showedi nteriensm ty worka ndp rovidmeed withn ew perspectTihveeysi .n cluGdien aC ogan, Anne CommonsD,a viGdr ayL,a urHaa rringtMoanr,i nIal liJcahy,n Kei m, KennetLhe eJ,o sepLho izzDoa,v iLdu riTeo,m okoS ugahaTrhao,m as Yarnell, ChristWieadne meyer-anLdo rMie eksa,n u nusuaglliyft erde ligimoanj or graduatCionlgu mbiCao llege. I coulndo th aveb egunt hipsr ojewcitt houMta rutYao shiSoa,t oR yoji, Tanaka Kikuo, MOasshaioma,an dT anakKaa tsutoswhhio, g enerously ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Xlll patronimzye rde searicnih t esa rlpyh asAlee.x andeBrr ownK,e nnetHha rlin, AnyH einriYcahs,u kMoa kino,R ongxiaZnhga nga,n do thelri brarainadsn ts aff memberast C olumbiaS'tsa rr East Asian Ligbarvater hye iahrse sairsttialnyc e tom y researhcehr e. Thivso lumhea sb eeng reatelnyh ancbeydt hee ncouragemIer netc eived fromJ ennifCerre wem,y editoartC olumbiUan iversPirteys as,n dA nne McCoy,m anaginegd itoIr a.l saop precitahteme e ticuleoduist orsiuaplp ort providbeydS uzannSec hafearn dh ers tafIf. a m equalilnyd ebtteodJ ohn Stormw,h oc arefulrleya mdy proof. FinalIl aym, enormoustlhya nkfutlo S achikfoo,rg raciously hgeirv ing tendecra rteo a liln m y familtyh rougthh ester yiynega rosf m y careeIr'.m gratetfuolm y wifKea nuif,o ra lways bmeyi bnegs ftr ienadn,dt oT aigaan d Karunoau,r g rowinpga inasn dj oysw,ho m adem e renemwy gratittuodm ey parents.

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The great Buddhist priest Kûkai (774-835) is credited with the introduction and establishment of tantric -or esoteric -Buddhism in early ninth-century Japan. In Ryûichi Abé examines this important religious figure -neglected in modern academic literature -and his profound influence on Japanese cu
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