DONALD MCGANNON COMMUNICATION RESEARCH CENTER’S EVERETT C. PARKER BOOK SERIES Philip M. Napoli and Minna Aslama, eds., Communications Research in Action: Scholar-Activist Collaborations for a Democratic Public Sphere Kari Karppinen, Rethinking Media Pluralism Richard D. Taylor and Amit M. Schejter, eds., Beyond Broadband Access: Developing Data-Based Information Policy Strategies Des Freedman, Jonathan A. Obar, Cheryl Martens, and Robert W. McChesney, eds., Strategies for Media Reform: International Perspectives Joshua D. Atkinson, Journey into Social Activism: Qualitative Approaches Beth Knobel, Th e Watchdog Still Barks: How Accountability Reporting Evolved for the Digital Age The Watchdog Still Barks DONALD MCGANNON COMMUNICATION RESEARCH CENTER’S EVERETT C. PARKER BOOK SERIES SERIES EDITOR: OLIVIER SYLVAIN Th is series seeks to publish research that can inform the work of policy makers, policy advocates, scholars, and students as they grapple with a rapidly changing communications environment and the variety of policy issues arising within it. Th e series employs a broadly defi ned notion of communications policy, in that it considers not only scholarship addressing specifi c policy issues and processes but also more broadly focused communications scholarship that has direct implications for policy making. EDITORIAL BOARD: Patricia Aufdherheide, American University Ellen Goodman, Rutgers University School of Law, Camden Allen Hammond, Santa Clara University School of Law Robert B. Horwitz, University of California at San Diego Robert W. McChesney, University of Illinois Jorge Schement, Rutgers University, New Brunswick Beth Knobel The Watchdog Still Barks HOW ACCOUNTABILITY REPORTING EVOLVED FOR THE DIGITAL AGE FORDHAM UNIVERSITY PRESS • NEW YORK • 2018 Copyright © 2018 Fordham University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. Fordham University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third- - party Internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Fordham University Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Visit us online at www.fordhampress.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-i n- Publication Data available online at https://catalog.loc.gov. Printed in the United States of America 20 19 18 5 4 3 2 1 First edition For the two remarkable men whose impact on my life has been invaluable: Marvin Kalb and Mark Russell Shulman This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS 1. Th e Watchdog Still Barks 1 2. Bigger Means Better 28 3. Th e Workhorse of the Watchdogs 53 4. America’s Most Vulnerable 81 5. If Not Now, When? 95 Acknowledgments 115 Notes 119 Index 143 vii This page intentionally left blank