The Wa of Myanmar and China’s Quest for Global Dominance

143 Pages·069.965 MB·English

by  Bertil Lintner

WA
『HE OF 川YANMAR
AND CHINA'S QUEST
FOR GLOBAL DOMINANCE
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＂ 和丰』 汪 L
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rand China's Quest for Global Dominance
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The Wa of Myanmar and
China's Quest for Global
Dominance
BERTIL LINTNER
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Contents
Introduction 1
Chapter l
The Wa: Wild Men of the Mountains 11
Chapter 2
The Plan that Failed 45
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Chapter 4
The Growth of the United Wa State Armr(__少
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CONTENTS
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Notes 212 ~ 、r
Abbreviations 232 ``、 ,•• ，，、··--. r
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Dramatis Personae 236 、 China ，
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Bibliography 24S (
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Index 256 ·.............· · ,
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Introduction
9
匿r.`·J··』 ,r- . ·.`.`.,?爷｀少，., 、＼厂}4 _< - 气．:金，乒书、.勹．矗皇t`..-＇ ' `.、?·，.'j ．，.女，．r`.,V暑 、··心又 七吾•5:•；，飞护令算，•｀.`飞 ·'．＼ A;`宁霪厂· t'，`．令,j`r'卢..?~3;f~.} ., .`3:星，七心 ,·'吃 ＼,J 孜3，心;，它屯“. Tptomoefh a roafcsuetuhtcseriatnfn aneftcdi-oogesrn- umt.ono asf-Tt ,ai shoiaorens lnsd m apicueiaarslstssm t i rlieietnfh sl ea,e isn m,h g oaiprmrawemncpidctrozaesrebstearsldsnei,v dpeu me nwarosinhfordoetna rrnmrews e,sitl d h cregeoa-oircrroar kinsleeeegrta- sisdn,lt eagearup nsndp dcsie shtedpoev loraeisndny,
匾~~＇畛 厂 .. ｀入虚 i, a weaponized drone. Columns of civilians, mostly Wa tribesmen but
，
also people from other ethnic groups in the area, made their way to
the main parade grounds. Fireworks lit up the sky after dark and
people cheered and danced through the night.
This event, on April 17, 2019, was not organized by the regular
army of any recognized country. Rather, huge crowds of people
had come together to celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of events
Flag of United Wa State Army that had led to the founding of the United Wa State Army (UWSA),
an ethnic force made up of tribesmen from Burma's northeastern
border mountains. In April 19的， the hilltribe rank-and-file of the
insurgent Communist Party of Burma (CPB) had risen in mutiny
against their mostly Burman, orthodox Marxist-Leninist leadership
and had driven them into exile in China. The UWSA was born
shortly thereafter, and grew to become what it is today: the largest
non-state actor in the Asia-Pacific
and best-equipped military
viii
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飞古
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
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to them anymore.
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
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7
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
predicted the mutmy, in a cover story for the Far Ea stern E d how China's leaders are
con . who they are, an
Review in May哄7, two years before the collapse of th eCPB.r on4i un derstanding or fotmheo tWe ath, eir own economic and strategi·c interests.
broke the news about the mutiny in March 19的· That story a!So using them to P future than that.
, a!So ve a brighter
for the Far Eastern Economic Review, was the first to appear . 仆eWa deser
in the
international media as I was the on 1y for·e1 gn journalist informed b
y
the mutineers about the uprising. The message came to mevia
顷。
and telephone as I was then living in Bangkok.
Since then, I have maintained contacts with Wa and their allies.
The UWSA leadership has kept a hostile distance, though, because
of what I have written about their involvement m the drug trade
However, in August 2019 the UWSA leadership allowed me to visit
their area. Although I did not get to see Bao Youxiang, the top leader,
I met almost everybody else. The UWSA leaders wanted to present
their side of the story, which I appreciated, and my visit to their area
was even shown on their own television station: J\. friend of the Wa
people returns after 32 years.'
The Wa are a proud people and, as Bao said in his speech at the
April 2019 celebrations, "The Wa people are the masters of their own
destiny." That may not be entirely correct given their dependence
on China for almost everything, apart from trade and the supply
of weaponry. The Chinese yuan, not the Burmese kyat, is the only
currency that is used inside their area. Mobile phones and Internet
connections are provided by Ch.
mese servers. The Chinese language
is more widely spoken than B
urmese. Having had many meetings
with Wa f
rom all walks oflife f
rom the 1980s to today, it is also my
impression that the
Ym ay be puppets of the Ch
Chm· ese stoo inese. But they are not
ges. The Wa are aware that the Chinese fee] superior to
them and in man .
Ym stances refer to th
they despise that. It em as'uncivilized savages; and
is my hope that this book will
present a better
9
8
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