The U.S. Army Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual: U.S. Army Field Manual No. 3-24

474 Pages·2007·3.51 MB·English

by  Sarah Sewall

The U.S. Army ✯ Marine Corps
Counterinsurgency Field Manual

✯
The U.S. Army Marine Corps
Counterinsurgency Field Manual
U.S. Army Field Manual No. 3-24
Marine Corps Warfi ghting Publication No. 3-33.5
foreword by
General David H. Petraeus and Lt. General James F. Amos
foreword to the university of chicago press edition by
Lt. Colonel John A. Nagl
with a new introduction by Sarah Sewall
the university of chicago press chicago and london
The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637
The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London
Foreword and Introduction to the University of Chicago Press Edition © 2007 by
The University of Chicago
All rights reserved. Published 2007
No copyright is claimed for the original text of U.S. Army Field Manual No. 3-24/Marine
Corps Warfi ghting Publication No. 3-33.5, fi rst issued on 15 December 2006.
Printed in the United States of America
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
isbn-13:978-0-226-84151-9 (paper)
isbn-10:0-226-84151-0 (paper)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
United States. Dept. of the Army.
The U.S. Army/Marine Corps counterinsurgency fi eld manual : U.S. Army fi eld manual no.
3-24 : Marine Corps warfi ghting publication no. 3-33.5 / with forewords by General David
H. Petraeus, and Lt. General James F. Amos, and by Lt. Colonel John A. Nagl; with a new
Introduction by Sarah Sewall.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn-13:978-0-226-84151-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)
isbn-10: 0-226-84151-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Counterinsurgency—Handbooks, manuals,
etc. I. Nagl, John A., 1966– II. Petraeus, David Howell. III. Amos, James F. IV. United States.
Marine Corps. V. Title. VI. Title: U.S. Army fi eld manual no. 3-24. VII. Title: Marine Corps
warfi ghting publication no. 3-33.5.
u241.u79 2007
355.02’18—dc22 2007006105
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American
National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ansi z39.48-1992.
Contents
List of Tables, Figures, and Vignettes ix
Foreword to the University of Chicago Press edition xiii
Introduction to the University of Chicago Press edition xxi
Foreword xlv
Preface xlvii
Acknowledgements xlix
Introduction li
chapter 1. Insurgency and Counterinsurgency 1
Overview 1
Aspects of Insurgency 3
Aspects of Counterinsurgency 34
Summary 51
chapter 2. Unity of Effort: Integrating Civilian and Military Activities 53
Integration 53
Key Counterinsurgency Participants and Their Likely Roles 60
Key Responsibilities in Counterinsurgency 67
Civilian and Military Integration Mechanisms 69
Tactical-Level Interagency Considerations 76
Summary 77
chapter 3. Intelligence in Counterinsurgency 79
Section I: Intelligence Characteristics in Counterinsurgency 79
Section II: Predeployment Planning and Intelligence Preparation of the
Battlefi eld 80
vi contents
Defi ne the Operational Environment 82
Describe the Effects of the Operational Environment 83
Determine Threat Courses of Action 113
Section III: Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Operations 117
The Intelligence-Operations Dynamic 118
Human Intelligence and Operational Reporting 119
Surveillance and Reconnaissance Considerations 122
Considerations for Other Intelligence Disciplines 123
Section IV: Counterintelligence and Counterreconnaissance 126
Section V: All-Source Intelligence 127
Current Operations 129
Comprehensive Insurgency Analysis 129
Reachback 131
Analytic Continuity 131
Section VI: Intelligence Collaboration 132
Intelligence Cells and Working Groups 133
Host-Nation Integration 134
Section VII: Summary 135
chapter 4. Designing Counterinsurgency Campaigns and Operations 137
The Importance of Campaign Design 137
The Relationship Between Design and Planning 139
The Nature of Design 140
Considerations for Design 141
Design for Counterinsurgency 142
Summary 150
chapter 5. Executing Counterinsurgency Operations 151
The Nature of Counterinsurgency Operations 151
Logical Lines of Operations in Counterinsurgency 154
Counterinsurgency Approaches 174
Assessment of Counterinsurgency Operations 188
Targeting 191
Learning and Adapting 196
Summary 197
chapter 6. Developing Host-Nation Security Forces 199
Overview 199
Challenges, Resources, and End State 201
contents vii
Framework for Development 209
Police in Counterinsurgency 229
Summary 235
chapter 7. Leadership and Ethics for Counterinsurgency 237
Leadership in Counterinsurgency 237
Large- and Small-Unit Leadership Tenets 238
Ethics 244
Warfi ghting Versus Policing 246
Proportionality and Discrimination 247
Detention and Interrogation 249
The Learning Imperative 252
Summary 253
chapter 8. Sustainment 255
Logistic Considerations in Counterinsurgency 255
Logistic Support to Logical Lines of Operations 260
Contracted Logistic Support 279
Summary 284
appendix a. A Guide for Action 287
Plan 287
Prepare 289
Execute 293
Ending the Tour 302
Three “What Ifs” 302
Summary 303
appendix b. Social Network Analysis and Other Analytical Tools 305
Describe the Effects of the Operational Environment 305
Evaluate the Threat 317
appendix c. Linguist Support 335
Linguist Support Categories 335
Selecting Interpreters 337
Employing Linguists 339
Establishing Rapport 340
Orienting Interpreters 341
Preparing for Presentations 341
viii contents
Conducting Presentations 343
Speaking Techniques 344
appendix d. Legal Considerations 347
Authority to Assist a Foreign Government 347
Authorization to Use Military Force 349
Rules of Engagement 350
The Law of War 351
Internal Armed Confl ict 352
Detention and Interrogation 354
Enforcing Discipline of U.S. Forces 356
Humanitarian Relief and Reconstruction 357
Training and Equipping Foreign Forces 359
Claims and Solatia 360
Establishing the Rule of Law 360
appendix e. Airpower in Counterinsurgency 363
Overview 363
Airpower in the Strike Role 364
Airpower in Intelligence Collection 365
Air and Space Information Operations 366
High-Technology Assets 367
Low-Technology Assets 368
Airlift 368
The Airpower Command Structure 370
Building Host-Nation Airpower Capability 371
Source Notes 373
Glossary 379
Annotated Bibliography 391
Military References 397
Index 401
List of Tables, Figures, and Vignettes
Tables
1-1. Successful and unsuccessful counterinsurgency operational
practices 51
2-1. Example interagency coordination checklist 76
3-1. Factors to consider when addressing grievances 100
3-2. Insurgency characteristics and order of battle factors 101
3-3. Critical information regarding popular support 106
3-4. Insurgent support activities and capabilities 107
3-5. Media forms insurgents use 107
3-6. Potential indicators of insurgent approaches 114
3-7. Examples of insurgent tactics 115
3-8. Potential sources of human intelligence 122
3-9. Comprehensive insurgency analysis tasks 130
3-10. Possible intelligence community assets in a division area of
operations 133
5-1. Considerations for developing the information operations LLO 162
5-2. Considerations for developing the combat operations/civil security 166
5-3. Considerations for developing the host-nation security forces LLO 168
5-4. Considerations for developing the essential services LLO 169
5-5. Considerations for developing the governance LLO 172
5-6. Considerations for the economic development LLO 173
5-7. Example progress indicators 192
5-8. Examples of lethal and nonlethal targets 193
6-1. Staff functions required when training host-nation security forces 207
6-2. Characteristics of effective host-nation security forces 208
6-3. Security force pay considerations 216
6-4. Methods of training host-nation security forces 221