Table Of ContentTHE UNITED NATIONS AND PEACEKEEPING
The United Nations and
Peacekeeping
Results, Limitations and Prospects:
The Lessons of 40 Years of Experience
Edited by
Indar Jit Rikhye
President, International Peace Academy
New York
and
Kjell Skjelsbaek
Acting Director
Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo
Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 978-1-349-20810-4 ISBN 978-1-349-20808-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-20808-1
©International Peace Academy 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
All rights reserved. For information, write:
Scholarly and Reference Division,
St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue,
New York, NY 10010
First published in the United States of America in 1991
ISBN 978-0-312-05364-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The United Nations and peacekeeping : results, limitations, and
prospects : the lessons of 40 years of experience I edited by Indar
Jit Rikhye and Kjell Skjelsbaek.
p. em.
Papers presented at a workshop held in Oslo, Norway, December
12-14, 1988, co-sponsored by the Norwegian Institute of
International Affairs and the International Peace Academy.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-312-05364-2
1. United Nations-Armed Forces-Congresses. I. Rikhye, Indar
Jit, 1920- . II. Skjelsbaek, Kjell. III. Norsk utenrikspolitisk
institutt. IV. International Peace Academy.
JX1981.P7U413 1991
341. 7'3-dc20 90-43358
CIP
Contents
Editors' Preface vii
List of Abbreviations viii
List of Tables xi
Notes on the Contributors xii
List of Participants XIV
Introduction
Indar lit Rikhye 1
1 Reflections by the Chairman
Brian E. Urquhart 17
2 Rethinking Peacekeeping
Augustus Richard Norton and
Thomas G. Weiss 22
3 Peacekeeping in the International Political Context:
Historical Analysis and Future Directions
Henry Wiseman 32
4 UN Peacekeeping: Expectations, Limitations and Results:
Forty Years of Mixed Experience
Kjell Skjelsbaek 52
5 Peacekeeping and Peacemaking: The Need for Patience
Gunther G. Greindl 68
6 The Management of UN Peacekeeping
James 0. C. Jonah 75
7 The Financing of UN Peacekeeping Operations:
The Need for a Sound Financial Basis
Susan R. Mills 91
8 Support and Limitations: Peacekeeping from the
Point of View of Troop-Contributors
Johan J~rgen Holst 111
9 Peacekeeping and the Parties
Alan M. James 125
v
vi Contents
10 Peacekeepers and Local Populations: Some Comments
on UNIFIL
Marianne Heiberg 147
11 The Future of Peacekeeping
lndar lit Rikhye 170
Appendix
The International Peace Academy and the Norwegian
Institute of International Affairs 200
Editors' Preface
In response to the increased interest in peacekeeping and the 40th
anniversary of the first UN peacekeeping operation, the Norwegian
Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and the International Peace
Academy (IPA) agreed to co-sponsor a workshop entitled 'The UN
and Peacekeeping: Results, Limitations and Prospects: The Lessons
of 40 Years of Experience' in Oslo, Norway, 12-14 December 1988.
The idea behind the workshop was to bring together a select group
of peacekeeping practitioners, diplomats, and academicians with
particular interest in this area in order to evaluate briefly the
historical experiences of peacekeeping and to analyse critically its
present potentials and problems.
We were pleased to bring together an outstanding group of
professionals with first-hand experience in areas of peacekeeping. We
were especially fortunate that the Chairman was Sir Brian Urquhart,
the former UN Under-Secretary-General for Special Political
Affairs, who has been associated with peacekeeping from its incep
tion. Norway's strong endorsement of peacekeeping and the support
for this workshop became obvious with the participation of two of its
cabinet members, Dr Johan J0rgen Holst, Minister of Defence and
Mr Thorvald Stoltenberg, Minister of Foreign Affairs. The list of
other participants is included in this publication.
This publication includes the papers presented at the Oslo work
shop and the reflections of the Chairman. The workshop participants
agreed on the agenda for further research, which is presently being
undertaken by NUPI, the Centre for International and Strategic
Studies, York University, Canada, and the IPA.
We wish to express our sincere appreciation to the Ford Foundation,
especially to Dr Enid Schoettle, to the MacArthur Foundation, to the
Canadian Institute for International Security, and to the Samuel
Freeman Charitable Trusts, for their support of this workshop and
publication.
Indar Jit Rikhye, Major-General (ret.), President,
International Peace Academy
Kjell Skjelsbaek, Acting Director, Norwegian Institute of
International Affairs
VII
List of Abbreviations
AMAL Afwaj AI-Muqamah AI-Lubnaniyya
AO Area of Operation
CAO Chief Administrative Officers
CBMs Confidence Building Measures
CDE Conference on Disarmament in Europe
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CliPS Canadian Institute for International Peace and
Security
CMF Commonwealth Monitoring Force
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in
Europe
DOMREP Mission of the Representative of the Secretary
General in the Dominican Republic
EOSG Executive Office of the Secretary-General
FIJIBATT Fijian Battalion
FINBATT Finnish Battalion
FOD Field Operations Division
FRENCHBATT French Battalion
FRG Federal Republic of Germany
GHANBATT Ghanaian Battalion
GSS General Security Service
ICCS International Commission for Control and
Supervision
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
ICSC International Commission for Supervision and
Control
IDF Israel Defence Force
ILO International Labour Organisation
INF Intermediate Nuclear Force
IPA International Peace Academy
IRISHBATT Irish Battalion
MFO Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai
MNF I & II Multinational Force in Beirut I and II
MNR Mozambique National Resistance
NEPBATT Nepalese Battalion
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NORBATT Norwegian Battalion
VIIJ
List of Abbreviations ix
NUPI Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
OAU Organisation of African Unity
OFOESA Office of Field Operations and External Support
Activities
ONUC United Nations Operation in the Congo
OSPA Office for Special Political Affairs
OUSGSPA Office of the Under-Secretary-General for
Special Political Affairs
PLO Palestine Liberation Organisation
POL ISA RIO Frente Popular para Liberacion de Saguia el
Hamra y Rio de Oro
SARC South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation
SENBATI Senegalese Battalion
SLA South Lebanese Army
SSOD Special Session on Disarmament
SWAPO South West Africa People's Organisation
TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
UN United Nations
UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission
UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer
Force
UNDOMREP United Nations Observer Group in The
Dominican Republic
UNEF I & II United Nations Emergency Force I and II
UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
UNG OM AP United Nations Good Offices Mission in
Afghanistan and Pakistan
UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer
Group
UNITA Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de
Angola
UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and
Research
UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India
and Pakistan
UNMOs United Nations Military Observers
UNOGIL United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon
UNTAG United Nations Transition Assistance Group in
Namibia
X List of Abbreviations
UNTEAIUNSF United Nations Temporary Executive Authority/
United Nations Security Force in West New
Guinea
UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation
UNYOM United Nations Yemen Observation Mission
us
United States of America
USG Under-Secretary-General
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union
ZANU PF Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic
Front)
