The TRANSMED Atlas. The Mediterranean Region from Crust to Mantle: Geological and Geophysical Framework of the Mediterranean and the Surrounding Areas PDF
Preview The TRANSMED Atlas. The Mediterranean Region from Crust to Mantle: Geological and Geophysical Framework of the Mediterranean and the Surrounding Areas
William Cavazza Francois Roure Wim Spakman Gerard M. Stampfli Peter A.Ziegler (Editors) TheTRANSMED Atlas The Mediterranean Region from Crust to Mantle William Cavazza Francois Roure Wim Spakman Gerard M. Stampfli Peter A. Ziegler (Editors) The TRANSMED Atlas The Mediterranean Region from Crust to Mantle Geological and Geophysical Framework ofthe Mediterranean andthe Surrounding Areas Apublication oftheMediterranean Consortium for the32ndInternational GeologicalCongress With 44Figures,37in Color ~ Springer Editors Professor Dr. William Cavazza Department of Earth and Geoenvironmental Sciences, University of Bologna Piazza Porta San Donato 1,40126 Bologna, Italy E-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.geomin.unibo.it/ Dr. Fran~ois Roure Institut Fran<=ais du Petro Ie, 1-4 Avenue de Bois Preau, 92 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.ifp.fr Professor Dr. Wim Spakman Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80.021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.geo.uu.nl/ Professor Dr. Gerard M. Stampfli Department of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, BFSH2 -1015 Lausanne, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www-sst.unil.ch/ Professor Dr. Peter A. Ziegler Department of Geosciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32,4056 Basel, Switzerland Internet: http://www.unibas.ch/geo Reference to this publication should be made as follows: (i) entire publication: Cavazza W, Roure F, Spakman W, Stampfli GM, Ziegler PA (eds)(2004) The TRANSMED Atlas - The Mediterranean Region from Crust to Mantle. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (ij) individual chapters or transects: Schmid SM, Fuegenschuh B, Kissling E, Schuster R (2004) TRANSMED Transect IV. In: Cavazza W, Roure F, Spakman W, Stampfli GM, Ziegler PA (eds) (2004) The TRANSMED Atlas - The Mediterranean Region from Crust to Mantle. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg Library of Congress Control Number: 2004106760 ISBN 3-540-22181-6 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Typesetting: BOro Stasch ([email protected]) . Klaus Haringer, Bayreuth Production: Luisa Tonarelli Printing and binding: StOrtz AG, WOrzburg Printed on acid-free paper 32/3141 ILT - 5 4 3 2 1 0 Foreword Inthe Spring of2000the idea ofaconsortiumofMediterraneancountriessupport ingthe Italian bid tohost the32ndInternationalGeologicalCongress tookoffduring ageologicalfieldtrip ontheslopesofMountVesuviushostedbyProf.BrunoD'Argenio (UniversityofNaples) with the sponsorshipofSMED(the UNESCO-CNROfficefor Scientific and Technological Cooperation with Mediterranean Countries). On that occasion,the head ofthe Italian delegationto the coming31stIGCProf.GianBattista Vaichampionedthenotionthat- hadthebidbeenaccepted- suchcooperationshould havenot onlytranslatedinto the participationofthe Mediterraneancountriesinthe organization of the future congress, but also should have been a springboard for launching a scientific project focused on the Mediterranean region and whose re sults had tobepresentedatthe congress. Duringthe31stIGCinRiodeJaneiro,after thedesignationofFlorencebythelUGS Council asthe venue forthe 32ndIGC,the Mediterranean Consortiumwasset up.In its full configuration,the Consortium was an association of thirty-one Mediterra neanand nearbycountries.AlongwithItaly,theyare:Albania,Algeria,Austria,Bosnia Herzegovina, Bulgaria,Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece,Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Israel,Jordan,Lebanon,Libya,Macedonia,Malta,Morocco,Palestine,Romania,Saudi Arabia,Serbiaand Montenegro,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Switzerland,Syria,Tunisia, and Turkey. Each membercountrynominated aNational Representative who served asaliai sonbetweenhis/hernationalgeologicalcommunityand theIGCOrganizingCommit tee.TheNationalRepresentativesdisseminatedinformationonthecongressandstimu latedthesubmissionofproposalsforscientificsessions,shortcourses,workshopsand fieldtrips from their nationalEarthsciencescommunities.ThreeMediterraneanCon sortium representatives sat on the Advisory Board of the 32ndIGC,representing the MediterraneancountriesofEurope,North Africaand the MiddleEast,thus providing additionalinputforthe organizationofthe congress. This publication is the main outcome of the TRANSMED Project,a scientific re search program sponsored by the Organizing Committee of the 32ndIGCwithin the framework ofthe activities ofthe MediterraneanConsortium.TheProjectkicked off atthe end of2001and inabouttwoyearsgeneratedanumberoftransectsdepicting the lithospheric and mantle structure across selected, representative regions of the Mediterranean domain and adjoining areas.This was accomplished integrating sur facegeology,seismic profiles and mantle tomography, both on land and at sea.The goalisto provide the internationalgeoscientist with an updated,supranationalover view of the geological and geophysical structure of the complex Mediterranean do main.Itismyhopethat thisscientificand editorialinitiativewillbeusefulbothtothe Earth scientists unfamiliar with the Mediterranean and to those willing to put the results oftheirownresearch withinawider framework. Attilio Boriani President,32ndInternational Geological Congress Preface "Thewholeissimpler than thesumofitsparts." Josiah Willard Gibbs(1839-1903) Asalready noted bySchwan(1997),the geologicalliterature on the Mediterranean regionisforbiddingfortheoutsiders,beingpublishedinagalaxyofoutlets,including regional journals,geologicalsurvey reports and academic theses written in at least twenty languages.Despiteseveralpublications summarizing specificor broader as pects of Mediterranean geology (e.g.Biju-Duval and Montadert 1977; Dixon and Robertson 1984;StanleyandWeze11985;MorrisandTarling1996;Durand etal.1999), it istherefore hardly surprisingthat until nowthere wasno coherent synthesis ade quatelycoveringthiswideregion.Thisvolume-cum-CDaimsatfillingthegap. Geologicalresearch onthe Mediterraneanregion iscurrentlyexperiencingquite adynamic period,characterizedbythetransitionfromdisciplinarytomultidiscipli nary research, as wellas from national to international investigations. In order to synthesize and integrate thevast disciplinaryand nationaldatasets which are avail ableit is necessary to implementmaximum interaction among geoscientists ofdif ferent extractions. The creation of project-oriented task forcesin universities and other research institutions,aswellasthe development of large international coop eration programs,isinstrumental in pursuing such a multidisciplinaryand supra national approach. This publication is the main result of the TRANSMED Project,an international scientific cooperation program which brought together sixty-two structural geolo gists,geophysicists,marinegeologists,petrologists,sedimentologists,stratigraphers, paleogeographers,and petroleum geologists coming from eighteen countries and working for the petroleum industry, academia, and other institutions, both public and private. The TRANSMED Atlas(printed volumeplus CD-ROM) strives to provide an up datedoverviewofthegeologicaland geophysicalfabricofthe Mediterraneanregion. Theprintedvolumecontainsthreechapters:anintroductorychapteronthemaingeo logicaland geophysicalfeatures,achapter onthelithosphericstructureasimagedby mantle tomography, and a chapter on the paleogeographic-paleotectonic evolution ofthe studyarea.The CD-ROM includes eightlithospherictransects across signifi cantdomains oftheMediterraneanregionand the surroundingareas.Eachtransect was drawn at 1:1000000 scale (with no vertical exaggeration) in two versions: chronolithostratigraphic (rock units are divided solelyaccording to their age) and tectonic (rock units aredivided accordingto their tectonic affiliation).Chronostrati graphic subdivisions followthe InternationalStratigraphic Chart byUNESCO-lUGS (2000);tectonicaffiliationsfollowwithsomemodifications theschemedevelopedfor theNorthAmericanContinent-OceanTransectsProgram (seeSpeed1991). The transects provide acomparative viewof the complexPhanerozoic structure oftheMediterraneanregionand thesurroundingareasusingastandardizedformat, and portraythe natureand sequence ofeventsin the tectonic evolutionwith a tec tonic coding scheme.Eachtransectisaccompaniedbyan explanatorytextwith fig uresaswellasbyaseriesofclickableinsets(seismiclines,welllogs,lithochronostrati graphic charts,detailed maps, etc.) providing data in support of the interpretation showninthetransects.Alltransectsweredrawnfollowingthesamelegendsalthough VIII Preface some leewaywasgiven to the various working groups to accommodate the varying amountsofdata and detail availableforthe different regions. The TRANSMED Atlas is geared towards (i) all Earth scientists working in the Mediterraneandomain,particularlythose willing to put the results of theirown re search withinawider framework,(ii) those unfamiliarwith the Mediterranean,and (iii) universityteachers lookingforasource ofsyntheticinformationforacourse in Mediterraneanregional geology.Wehope thiscompilationwillserveasasynthesis of the currentstateofknowledge on thegeologyofthe Mediterraneandomainand will stimulatefurther research in this geologicallyfascinating region. ~ Cavazza,F. Roure, ~ Spakman,G.M.Stampfli, P.A.Ziegler Bologna,Paris,Utrecht, Lausanne, and Basle,May2004 Acknowledgements Dimitrios Papanikolaou first suggested that the networkof the Mediterranean Con sortium should tacklenot onlyaspects pertainingto the organizationof the 32ndIn ternational GeologicalCongress but also should work on a scientific project on the entire Mediterraneanarea.Thisseminal ideawasthen elaboratedamong thesoon-to become editors ofthis publicationwhoagreed that an efficientand visuallystimulat ing way to portray the geological-geophysical fabric of the area was by drawing lithosphericcross-sectionsacrossrepresentativeareas.Thisproposalwasacceptedby theOrganizing Commmitteeofthe32ndInternationalGeologicalCongresswhichsup ported the TRANSMED Project in many ways.Weare most grateful for this as it is uncommonthat theorganizingcommitteeofacongress actuallysponsorsascientific research project. Additional support was provided by the Italian National Research Council (CNR)through its Officefor Scientificand TechnologicalCooperationwith Mediterranean Countries.Most participants in the Project received additional sup portbyotherfunding agenciesand institutionstowhichthanksarealsodue. During the twoyears of the project, the participants met in Amsterdam,Athens, Barcelona,Basle,Bologna,Florence,Istanbul, Lausanne, Nice,Paris,Rabat and Sofia. Themeetings inAthensand Sofiaweresponsored bythe GeneralSecretariatforCivil Protection ofthe MinistryofInterior, PublicAdministration and Decentralizationof the HellenicRepublicand bythe BulgarianAcademyofSciences,respectively. The editors would like to thank the participants in the TRANSMED Project not onlyfor their contributionsto this publication, but also for theirenthusiasm for the objectives of the Project over twoyears.Particular thanks goto the Working Group Coordinators,who managed the often difficult task of synthesizing geological and geophysicaldata acrosspolitical boundaries.Wewouldalsoliketothankthe external reviewersfortheirefforts,aswellasthenumerousgeoscientistswhoatvarious stages providedexpertiseandadvice.Severalpublicand privateorganizationshaveprovided original data forthis atlas. Wethankthefollowingorganizationsand publisherswhichgrantedpermissionto reproducecopyrightedillustrations:American GeophysicalUnion,BlackwellPublish ingLtd.,BulgarianAcademyofSciences,ElsevierLtd.,GeologicalSocietyofAmerica, GeologicalSocietyof London, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Oster reichische GeologischeGesellschaft. Contents Part One - Printed Volume TheMediterraneanAreaandthe SurroundingRegions:ActiveProcesses, RemnantsofFormerTethyan Oceansand RelatedThrustbelts . WilliamCavazza . PrancoisRoure. PeterA.Ziegler Abstract . 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Mediterranean Fold-and-thrust Belts 2 1.3 Mediterranean Marine Basins 7 1.4 Geological-geophysicalBaseline 11 1.4.1 HeatFlow 11 1.4.2 Crustal and Lithospheric Structure 11 1.4.3 Gravity 11 1.4.4 Magnetic Field 14 1.4.5 Seismicity 15 1.4.6 Geodetic Data 16 1.4.7 StressField 18 1.5 GlobalDynamicsandActiveProcessesExemplifiedintheMediterranean 18 1.5.1 Subduction ofthe Eastern MediterraneanLithosphere beneaththe Calabrian and AegeanArcs 20 1.5.2 Riftingand PassiveMargin Development in Back-arcRegionsand Other MediterraneanDomains 20 1.5.3 Mudand SaltDiapirism RelatedtoTectonicWedges, TiltedBlocksand SedimentaryLoading (Eastern MediterraneanRidge,Alboran Sea,NileDelta) 22 1.5.4 Sea-levelChanges,SalinityCrisis,Flooding (MessinianMediterraneanversus Pleistocene BlackSea) 22 1.6 RecordofAncientDynamicsoftheTethyanOceans,OphioliticSutures, MantleTomographyversusPaleogeographyoftheMediterraneanRealm ....23 1.6.1 Collisionalvs.IntracontinentalThrust BeltsandOceanicSutures '" 23 1.6.2 PlateDynamics and Palinspastic Restorations: Demiseofthe ConceptofaSingleTethys 23 1.6.3 CenozoicMagmatism inthe MediterraneanRegion 24 1.7 Conclusions 28 Acknowledgements 29 2 ATomographicView onWestern Mediterranean Geodynamics 31 WimSpakman . RinusWortel Abstract 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 TheGlobalTomographyModelBS2000 32 2.3 Interpretation ofModelBS2000fortheWesternMediterraneanMantle 33 2.3-1 Alps,Apennines,and the WesternMediterranean 33 2.3.2 TheBetic-Rifand Alboran Region 43 2.4 Analysis:the Geodynamic Evolutionofthe WesternMediterranean 44 2.4.1 Tomographic EvidenceforSlabRoll-back 44 XII Contents . Part One- PrintedVolume 2.4.2 NorthernApennines and Alpine-Tethys Subduction 45 2.4.3 SlabDetachmentbeneaththe Central-southernApennines 45 2.4.4 Calabria Subduction 46 2.4.5 The NorthAfrican Margin 46 246 Betic-Rifand Alboran Region:I.Subductionand Roll-back of PredominantlyOceanic Lithosphere 47 247 Betic-Rifand Alboran Region:II.Development ofArcGeometry and SubductionRoll-back 48 2.4.8 Synthesis ofTomographicConstraintson the Geodynamic Evolution ofthe Western MediterraneanRegion 48 2.5 Summary 51 Acknowledgements 51 Appendix1 (CD-ROM) 51 Appendix2 (CD-ROM) 52 3 TheTRANSMEDTransectsin SpaceandTime:Constraintsonthe PaleotectonicEvolution oftheMediterranean Domain 53 GerardM. Stampfli . GillesBorel Abstract 53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 The Western TethysMain PlateTectonicConstraints 56 3.2.1 The East Mediterranean-Neotethys Connection 56 3.2.2 The Apulia-AdriaProblem 57 3.3 TheGeodynamic EvolutionofGreaterApuliaand SurroundingRegions 60 3.3.1 Paleotethys Evolution (Figs.3.2-3.6) 60 3.3.2 CimmerianEventsand TriassicMarginal Oceans(Figs.3.6-3.9) 62 3.3.3 TheJurassicOceans:AlpineTethys,CentralAtlanticand Vardar (Figs.3.8-3.n) 66 3.3.4 TheCretaceousOceans:NorthAtlanticand the PyreneanDomain (Figs.3.10-3.14) 69 3.4 TheTRANSMEDTransects inSpaceandTime 71 3.4.1 Transects I-II-III West 71 342 Transects IV-V-VI 77 3.4.3 Transects IIIEast,VIIand VIII 78 3.5 Conclusions 80 Acknowledgements 80 Appendix3(CD-ROM) 80 References:Preface,Chapters 1,2and 3 81 References:CO-ROM 91 TransectI:IberianMeseta- Guadalquivir Basin- BeticCordillera- Alboran Sea- Rif- Moroccan Meseta- HighAtlas- Sahara Domain 91 TransectII:Aquitaine Basin- Pyrenees- Ebro Basin- Catalan Coastal Ranges- ValenciaTrough - Balearic Promontory- Algerian Basin- Kabylies- Atlas- Saharan Domain 97 TransectIII:MassifCentral-Provence- GulfofLion- ProvencalBasin Sardinia- Tyrrhenian Basin- SouthernApennines - Apulia- Adriatic Sea- Albanian Dinarides - Balkans- Moesian Platform 103 Transects IV,Vand VI:TheAlpsand TheirForelands 108 TransectVII:EastEuropean Craton- Scythian Platform - Dobrogea Balkanides- Rhodope Massif- Hellenides- EastMediterranean- Cyrenaica 114 TransectVIII:EasternEuropean Craton- Crimea- BlackSea- Anatolia - Cyprus - Levant Sea- Sinai- Red Sea 120 Index 127 Contents Part Two - CD-ROM TransectP: IberianMeseta- GuadalquivirBasin- BeticCordillera- Alboran Sea Rif- Moroccan Meseta- HighAtlas- Sahara Domain Dominique Frizon de Lamotte . Ana Crespo-Blanc . Bertrand Saint-Bezar Menchu Comas . Manel Fernandez . Hermann Zeyen . Puy Ayarza CharlesRobert-Charrue . Ahmed Chalouan . Mahmoud Zizi Antonio Teixell . Maria-Luisa Arboleya . Fernando Alvarez-Lobato Manuel[ulivert . AndreMichard 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Description oftheBroadMainFeaturesalongTRANSMEDTransectI 1.2.1 TheBeticand RifChainsaroundtheAlboranSea:TheGibraltarArc 1.2.2 TheAtlasSystem 1.2.3 The Sahara Domain 1.2.4 SomeFeatures ofthe CrustalandLithosphericStructure 1.3 Sources of Information 1.J.1 BeticsandAlboranSea 1.3.2 Rif 1.3.3 Atlas 1.3.4 Sahara Domain 1.4 DescriptionofTectonostratigraphicand LithostratigraphicUnits 1.4.1 The IberianMeseta and the GuadalquivirBasin 1.4.2 The Prebetic andSubbetic Units (South IberianCover) 1.4.3 The Alboran Domain 1.4.4 The FlyschUnits 1.4.5 The ExternalRif 1-4-6 TheAtlasSystem 1-4-7 The Sahara Domain 1.5 StructuralEvolution along the Transect II TransectII: Aquitaine Basin- Pyrenees- EbroBasin- Catalan Range- ValenciaTrough Balearic Block- Algerian Basin- Kabylies- Atlas-SaharanPlatform EduardRoca . DominiqueFrizondeLamotte . Alain Mauffret Rabah Bracene .[aume Verges . Narimane Benaouali . Manel Fernandez losepAntonMunoz . HermannZeyen II.l Introduction II.2 Significance ofTransectII withinthe MediterraneanFramework II.3 Sources of Information II.3.1 Aquitaine Basin- Pyrenees- Ebro Basin II.3.2 Catalan Coastal Ranges 11.3.3 ValenciaTrough 1FororientationseeFig.0.1(pageXVII)showingthestudyareaand thegeologicaltransects.
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