The Tools of Neuroscience Experiment: Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives PDF
Preview The Tools of Neuroscience Experiment: Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives
The Tools of Neuroscience Experiment This volume establishes the conceptual foundation for sustained inves- tigation into tool development in neuroscience. Neuroscience relies on diverse and sophisticated experimental tools, and its ultimate explanatory target—our brains and hence the organ driving our behaviors—catapults the investigation of these research tools into a philosophical spotlight. The chapters in this volume integrate the currently scattered work on tool development in neuroscience into the broader philosophy of science community. They also present an accessible compendium for neurosci- entists interested in the broader theoretical dimensions of their experi- mental practices. The chapters are divided into five thematic sections. Section 1 discusses the development of revolutionary research tools across neuroscience’s history and argues to various conclusions concern- ing the relationship between new research tools and theory progress in neuroscience. Section 2 shows how a focus on research tools and their development in neuroscience transforms some traditional epistemolog- ical issues and questions about knowledge production in philosophy of science. Section 3 speaks to the most general questions about the way we characterize the nature of the portion of the world that this science ad- dresses. Section 4 discusses hybrid research tools that integrate labora- tory and computational methods in exciting new ways. Finally, Section 5 extends research on tool development to the related science of genetics. The Tools of Neuroscience Experiment will be of interest to philoso- phers and philosophically minded scientists working at the intersection of philosophy and neuroscience. John Bickle is Professor of Philosophy and Shackouls Honors College Faculty at Mississippi State University and Affiliated Faculty in the Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences at the Univer- sity of Mississippi Medical Center. He is author of four academic books and editor of The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience (2009). Carl F. Craver is a Professor in the Philosophy Department and the Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology Program at Washington University in St. Louis. He specializes in the Philosophy of Science and has con- tinuing research activity in the neuropsychology of memory. He is the author of Explaining the Brain: Mechanisms and the Mosaic Unity of Neuroscience and (with Lindley Darden) In Search of Mechanisms: Dis- coveries across the Life Sciences. Ann-Sophie Barwich is Assistant Professor at Indiana University Bloom- ington (Department of History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine; Cognitive Science). She specializes in olfaction as a model for theories of mind and brain. Barwich is the author of Smellosophy: What the Nose Tells the Mind (2020). Routledge Studies in the Philosophy of Science Understanding Perspectivism Scientific Challenges and Methodological Prospects Edited by Michela Massimi and Casey D. McCoy The Aesthetics of Science Beauty, Imagination and Understanding Edited by Steven French and Milena Ivanova Structure, Evidence, and Heuristic Evolutionary Biology, Economics, and the Philosophy of Their Relationship Armin W. Schulz Scientific Challenges to Common Sense Philosophy Edited by Rik Peels, Jeroen de Ridder, and René van Woudenberg Science, Freedom, Democracy Edited by Péter Hartl and Adam Tamas Tuboly Logical Empiricism and the Physical Sciences From Philosophy of Nature to Philosophy of Physics Edited by Sebastian Lutz and Adam Tamas Tuboly The Explanatory Autonomy of the Biological Sciences Wei Fang The Tools of Neuroscience Experiment Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives Edited by John Bickle, Carl F. Craver, and Ann-Sophie Barwich For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge. com/Routledge-Studies-in-the-Philosophy-of-Science/book-series/POS The Tools of Neuroscience Experiment Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives Edited by John Bickle, Carl F. Craver, and Ann-Sophie Barwich First published 2022 by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 selection and editorial matter, John Bickle, Carl F. Craver, and Ann-Sophie Barwich; individual chapters, the contributors The right of John Bickle, Carl F. Craver, and Ann-Sophie Barwich to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this title has been requested ISBN: 978-1-032-12799-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-17011-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-25139-2 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003251392 Typeset in Sabon by codeMantra Contents Foreword xi Editors’ Introduction 1 JOHN BICKLE, CARL CRAVER AND ANN-SOPHIE BARWICH SECTION 1 Research Tools in Relation to Theories 11 1 Tinkering in the Lab 13 JOHN BICKLE 2 Tools, Experiments, and Theories: An Examination of the Role of Experiment Tools 37 GREGORY JOHNSON 3 Science in Practice in Neuroscience: Cincinnati Water Maze in the Making 56 NINA A. ATANASOVA, MICHAEL T. WILLIAMS AND CHARLES V. VORHEES 4 Where Molecular Science Meets Perfumery: A Behind- the-Scenes Look at SCAPE Microscopy and Its Theoretical Impact on Current Olfaction 83 ANN-SOPHIE BARWICH AND LU XU 5 A Different Role for Tinkering: Brain Fog, COVID-19, and the Accidental Nature of Neurobiological Theory Development 117 VALERIE GRAY HARDCASTLE AND C. MATTHEW STEWART viii Contents SECTION 2 Research Tools and Epistemology 135 6 Dissemination and Adaptiveness as Key Variables in Tools That Fuel Scientific Revolutions 137 ALCINO J. SILVA 7 Toward an Epistemology of Intervention: Optogenetics and Maker’s Knowledge 152 CARL F. CRAVER 8 Triangulating Tools in the Messiness of Cognitive Neuroscience 176 ANTONELLA TRAMACERE 9 Prediction, Explanation, and the “Toolbox” Problem 195 MARCO J. NATHAN SECTION 3 Research Tools, Integration, Circuits, and Ontology 219 10 How Do Tools Obstruct (and Facilitate) Integration in Neuroscience? 221 DAVID J. COLAÇO 11 Understanding Brain Circuits: Do New Experimental Tools Need to Address New Concepts? 239 DAVID PARKER 12 Cognitive Ontologies, Task Ontologies, and Explanation in Cognitive Neuroscience 259 DANIEL C. BURNSTON SECTION 4 Tools and Integrative Pluralism 285 13 “It Takes Two to Make a Thing Go Right”: The Coevolution of Technological and Mathematical Tools in Neuroscience 287 LUIS H. FAVELA Contents ix 14 Hybrid Brains: Interfacing Living Neurons and Circuits with Computational Models 305 ASTRID A. PRINZ SECTION 5 Tool Use and Development Beyond Neuroscience 319 15 Beyond Actual Difference Making: Causal Selections in Genetics 321 JANELLA BAXTER List of Contributors 339 Index 345
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