The Thyroid and Its Diseases: A Comprehensive Guide for the Clinician PDF
Preview The Thyroid and Its Diseases: A Comprehensive Guide for the Clinician
The Thyroid and Its Diseases A Comprehensive Guide for the Clinician Markus Luster Leonidas H. Duntas Leonard Wartofsky Editors 123 The Thyroid and Its Diseases Markus Luster Leonidas H. Duntas • Leonard Wartofsky Editors The Thyroid and Its Diseases A Comprehensive Guide for the Clinician Editors Markus Luster Leonidas H. Duntas Department of Nuclear Medicine Unit of Endocrinology Diabetes and Philipps University Marburg Metabolism Marburg Evgenidion Hospital, National and Germany Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Leonard Wartofsky Greece Georgetown University School of Medicine Washington, DC USA Thyroid Cancer Research Unit MedStar Health Research Institute Washington, DC USA ISBN 978-3-319-72100-2 ISBN 978-3-319-72102-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72102-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961719 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Part I I ntroductory Section Anatomy and Physiology of the Thyroid Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Nikolaos Stathatos The Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Thyroid Axis: Physiological Regulation and Clinical Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Alina Gavrila and Anthony N. Hollenberg “Thyroglobulin Storage, Processing and Degradation for Thyroid Hormone Liberation” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Klaudia Brix, Maria Qatato, Joanna Szumska, Vaishnavi Venugopalan, and Maren Rehders Disorders of Thyroid Hormone Transporters and Receptors . . . . . . 49 W. Edward Visser Deiodination and Peripheral Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone . . . 61 Monica Dentice and Domenico Salvatore Part II B asis of Thyroid Disease Epidemiology of Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Mark P. J. Vanderpump Classification of Thyroid Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Leonidas H. Duntas and Sofia Tseleni-Balafouta Iodine Deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Michael Bruce Zimmermann Selenium Deficiency and Thyroid Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Margaret P. Rayman and Leonidas H. Duntas Part III Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches Laboratory Testing in Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Stefan K. G. Grebe Ultrasonography of the Thyroid and Cervical Lymph Nodes . . . . . . 161 Enrico Papini, R. Guglielmi, Irene Misischi, and Andrea Frasoldati v vi Contents The Role of Elastography in the Management of Thyroid Nodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Hervé Monpeyssen and Jean Tramalloni Imaging of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer with Iodine-124 and F-18-FDG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 James Nagarajah, Walter Jentzen, Vanessa Stebner, Ina Binse, Marcel Janssen, and Ravinder K. Grewal Surgery for Benign Goiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Kerstin Lorenz Part IV Hypothyroidism The Thyroid and Its Regulation by the TSHR: Evolution, Development, and Congenital Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Heiko Krude and Heike Biebermann Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Cristiane J. Gomes-Lima and Kenneth D. Burman Central Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Andrea Lania, Claudia Giavoli, Eriselda Profka, and Paolo Beck-Peccoz Subclinical Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Bernadette Biondi and Leonidas H. Duntas Treatment of Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Jacqueline Jonklaas Myxedema Coma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Leonard Wartofsky and Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska Heart in Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Bernadette Biondi and George J. Kahaly Part V H yperthyroidism Graves’ Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Josephine H. Li, Natasha Kasid, and James V. Hennessey Graves’ Ophthalmopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Luigi Bartalena Subclinical Hyperthyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Gabriela Brenta and José Sgarbi Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxic Crisis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Leonard Wartofsky and Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska Heart in Hyperthyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Bernadette Biondi and George J. Kahaly Contents vii Part VI Thyroiditis Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Andrea Carbone, Mario Rotondi, and Luca Chiovato Acute Infectious Thyroiditis (Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis) . . . . . 399 Hiroo Masuoka and Akira Miyauchi Postpartum Thyroiditis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Juan C. Galofré and L. D. Premawardhana Amiodarone-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Simone De Leo and Lewis E. Braverman Iodine-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Simone De Leo and Lewis E. Braverman Part VII Thyroid Neoplasia Pathology of the Thyroid: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Virginia A. LiVolsi, Kathleen T. Montone, and Zubair W. Baloch Thyroid Nodule: Current Evaluation and Management . . . . . . . . . . 493 Alan A. Parsa and Hossein Gharib Nontoxic Multinodular Goiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 Gilberto Paz-Filho and Hans Graf Part VIII Thyroid Cancer Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Athanasios Bikas and Kenneth D. Burman Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics of Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . 549 Susan J. Hsiao and Yuri E. Nikiforov Thyroid Cancer in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Young Ah Lee and Andrew J. Bauer Thyroid Cancer Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 Brian R. Untch, Dipti Kamani, and Gregory W. Randolph Staging and Prognosis of Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska Radioiodine Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma . . . . . . 611 Jasna Mihailovic and Stanley J. Goldsmith Dosimetry for Iodine-131 Therapy for Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 Douglas Van Nostrand Targeted Molecular Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 Arabella Hunt and Kate L. Newbold viii Contents Thyroglobulin and Tg Antibodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen and Luca Giovanella Medullary Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 Rossella Elisei and Cristina Romei Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 Robert C. Smallridge and Keith C. Bible Primary Thyroid Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 Stephanie Aleskow Stein The Role of TSH Suppression in the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 Rami Alrezk and Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska Part IX Miscellaneous Topics Hyperthyroidism and Pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 Jorge H. Mestman Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 Roy E. Weiss and Samuel Refetoff Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 Contributors Rami Alrezk National Institutes of Health—National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, Bethesda, MD, USA Zubair W. Baloch Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Luigi Bartalena Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy Andrew J. Bauer Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Paolo Beck-Peccoz University of Milan, Milan, Italy Keith C. Bible Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Heike Biebermann Institute for Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology, Charite University-Medicine-Berlin, Berlin, Germany Athanasios Bikas Department of Internal Medicine, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA Ina Binse Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany Bernadette Biondi Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Evgenideion Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece Lewis E. Braverman Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Gabriela Brenta Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unidad Asistencial Dr. César Milstein, Buenos Aires, Argentina Klaudia Brix Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany ix x Contributors Kenneth D. Burman Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA Andrea Carbone Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy Luca Chiovato Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy Monica Dentice Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy Leonidas H. Duntas Unit of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Evgenidion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece Rossella Elisei Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Andrea Frasoldati Department of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Rome, Italy Department of Endocrinology, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy Juan C. Galofré Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigación en la Salud de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain Alina Gavrila Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Hossein Gharib Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA Claudia Giavoli Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy Luca Giovanella Department of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Centre, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland Department of Laboratory Medicine EOLAB, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland Stanley J. Goldsmith Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA Department of Radiology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Cristiane J. Gomes-Lima MedStar Washington Hospital Center, MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA
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