The Templars: The Rise, Fall, and Legacy of a Military Religious Order

363 Pages·2021·18.361 MB·English

by  Jochen Burgtorf (editor), Shlomo Lotan (editor), Enric Mallorquí-Ruscalleda (editor)

T HE TEMPLARS
As the oldest of the military religious orders and the one with an unexpected and dramatic
downfall, the knighthood of the Templars continues to fascinate academics and students
as well as the public at large. A collection of fifteen chapters accompanied by a historical
introduction, The Templars: The Rise, Fall, and Legacy of a Military Religious Order recounts and
analyzes this community’s rise and establishment in both the crusader states of the Eastern
Mediterranean and the countries of Western Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries, reflects on the proceedings launched against it and its subsequent fall (1307–
1314), and explores its medieval and post-medieval legacy, including an assessment of current
research pertaining to the Templars and suggestions for future explorations. Showcasing a
wide range of methodological approaches and primary source materials, this volume unites
historical, art-historical, theological, archaeological, and historiographical perspectives, and
it features the work and voices of scholars from various academic generations who reside in
eight different countries (Israel, France, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Germany, Poland,
and the United States of America).
Jochen Burgtorf is Professor of Medieval World History at California State University,
Fullerton (USA). His work encompasses the crusades, military orders, papacy, refugees, law,
and the Vikings. His publications include The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars
(2008), The Debate on the Trial of the Templars (1307–1314) (2010, with Paul F. Crawford
and Helen J. Nicholson), The Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Crusades (2020, with Helen J.
Nicholson), as well as articles in Ordines Militares , Fourteenth Century England , and Crusades
Subsidia .
Shlomo Lotan is Lecturer at Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan (Israel). His research focuses
on urban planning theory, crusades, and military orders. His publications include T he
Teutonic Order in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (2012, in Hebrew), as well as articles in
Ordines Militares , Analecta Theutonica I (2014), Fear and Loathing in the North: Jews and Muslims
in Medieval Scandinavia and the Baltic Region (2015), and The Military Orders VII (2019).
Enric Mallorquí-Ruscalleda (Ph.D., Princeton University) works at Indiana University-
Purdue University Indianapolis (USA). An internationally acclaimed scholar and author,
he is the editor-in-chief of Studia Iberica et Americana , the editorial codirector of the Centro
de Estudos Medievais: Oriente & Ocidente (University of São Paulo), a member of numerous
editorial boards as well as international and interdisciplinary research groups, and a member
of the Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española .
THE MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS: HISTORY,
SOURCES, AND MEMORY
E dited by Jochen Burgtorf and Nicholas Morton
The military religious orders were initially established in the twelfth century to
care for and protect western pilgrims in the Holy Land. They later helped to
defend the crusader states, participated in the Iberian Reconquista, and eventu-
ally played a significant role in warfare, charity, commerce, colonization, and
cross-cultural encounters in Europe, the Mediterranean World, and even the
New World. T he Military Religious Orders: History, Sources, and Memory stimu-
lates research on this fascinating phenomenon.
General Editors
• Jochen Burgtorf (California State University, Fullerton, USA): jburgtorf@
fullerton.edu
• Nicholas Morton (Nottingham Trent University, England, UK): nicholas.
[email protected]
Editorial board
• Adrian Boas (University of Haifa, Israel)
• Emanuel Buttigieg (University of Malta, Malta)
• Paul Crawford (California University of Pennsylvania, USA)
• Daniel Gullo (Hill Museum & Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Minnesota,
USA)
• Philippe Josserand (Université de Nantes, France)
• Juhan Kreem (Tallinna Linnarchiiv, Tallinn, Estonia)
• Helen Nicholson (Cardiff University, Wales, UK)
• Jürgen Sarnowsky (Universität Hamburg, Germany)
• Kristjan Toomaspoeg (Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy)
THE TEMPLARS
The Rise, Fall, and Legacy of a
Military Religious Order
Edited by Jochen Burgtorf, Shlomo Lotan
and Enric Mallorquí-Ruscalleda
First published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2021 selection and editorial matter, Jochen Burgtorf, Shlomo Lotan and
Enric Mallorquí-Ruscalleda; individual chapters, the contributors
T he right of Jochen Burgtorf, Shlomo Lotan and Enric Mallorquí-
Ruscalleda to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of
the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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B ritish Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
L ibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
I SBN: 978-1-138-65062-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-75676-5 (pbk)
I SBN: 978-1-003-16351-0 (ebk)
T ypeset in Bembo
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CONTENTS
List of maps viii
List of figures ix
Acknowledgments xi
List of contributors xii
Introduction 1
JOCHEN BURGTORF, SHLOMO LOTAN, AND
ENRIC MALLORQUÍ-RUSCALLEDA
PART I
Rise 13
1 Andrew de Baudement and the early years of the
Templars in Champagne 15
KAROL POLEJOWSKI
2 The Templars’ land acquisition policy in the crusader
kingdom of Jerusalem, c. 1130–1187 38
MICHAEL EHRLICH
3 The Templars and the rulers of the Christian East:
collaboration or conflict of interest? 50
MARIE-ANNA CHEVALIER
4 The Templars as Milites Christi and martyrs in God’s
army (1180–1307): Byzantine saints as devotional,
artistic, and military models in Southwestern France 81
SONIA KIRCH
v
CONTENTS
5 Collata beneficio filii Dei militibus suis: Templar
spirituality at the fortress of ‘Atlit in the Latin
kingdom of Jerusalem 103
SHLOMO LOTAN AND JOACHIM ROTHER
6 The Templar castles of Barberà, Gardeny, and Miravet:
status quaestionis 126
JOAN FUGUET SANS
PART II
Fall 159
7 The “lost boys” of the Templars: some remarks on
the life of the Templar corsair Roger de Flor 161
CHRISTIAN VOGEL
8 The Templars’ banking activities and their potential
connections to the Order’s demise 179
IGNACIO DE LA TORRE
9 Fugitives during the Templar Trial 188
ALAN FOREY
10 The Trial of the Templars in Britain and Ireland 209
HELEN J. NICHOLSON
1 1 The Trial of the Templars in Germany 234
JOCHEN BURGTORF
PART III
Legacy 249
12 The Templar Trial and the Teutonic Order 251
KLAUS MILITZER
1 3 The image of the Templars in modern Castilian nobiliary
treatises: a note on Juan Benito Guardiola (1530–1600) 263
JOSÉ ANTONIO GUILLÉN BERRENDERO
vi
CONTENTS
14 Colliding perceptions: Italian views of the Templar Trial
from contemporary authors to Angelo Fumagalli’s
Delle antichità longobardico-milanesi (1792) 274
ELENA BELLOMO
1 5 From legend to reality: recent historiography on
the Templar Order 299
KRISTJAN TOOMASPOEG
Suggested readings 326
Index 329
vii
MAPS
1 Eastern Mediterranean xvi
2 Western Europe xvii
3 Central Europe xviii
viii
FIGURES
1.1 Genealogy 1: Baudement 35
1.2 Genealogy 2: Montlhéry, Dampierre-sur-Aube, Broyes,
and Plancy (simplified) 36
1.3 Genealogy 3: Montlhéry in Outremer (Latin East) (until the
1130s, simplified) 37
4.1 Le Dognon at Cressac-Saint-Genis, placement of the
wall paintings 97
4.2 Saint-Christophe (formerly Notre Dame) de Montsaunès,
western portal, capitals of the northern pillars, martyrdom
of St. Paul (top) and St. Peter and St. Stephen (bottom) 98
4.3 Saint-Christophe (formerly Notre Dame) de Montsaunès,
southern vault, second bay, St. Martin, bishop of Tours,
giving a blessing 99
4.4 Saint-Christophe (formerly Notre Dame) de Montsaunes,
fourth bay from the west, above the liturgical space
with the main altar, triumphal arch 99
4.5 Saint-Christophe (formerly Notre Dame) de Montsaunes,
second and first bay, in front of the western façade’s oculus,
processional cross with two candle holders 100
4.6 Église de la Décollation de Saint Jean-Baptiste de Paulhac,
iconography of the liturgical space 101
4.7 Église de la Décollation de Saint Jean-Baptiste de Paulhac,
eastern wall of the choir, Crucifixion, Sedes Sapientiae,
and martyrdom of St. Catherine of Alexandria 102
5.1 ‘Atlit Castle, general view, looking southwest 124
5.2 ‘Atlit Castle, cemetery, looking northeast 124
5.3 ‘Atlit Castle, cemetery, looking west 125
5.4 ‘Atlit Castle, cemetery, detail 125
6.1 Templar commanderies in the Crown of Aragon 146
6.2 Barberà Castle, general plan 147
6.3 Barberà Castle, chapel, plan and sections 147
ix