Table Of Content

The Tao of Microelectronics Yumin Zhang Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA Morgan & Claypool Publishers Copyright © 2014 Morgan & Claypool Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, or as expressly permitted by law or under terms agreed with the appropriate rights organization. Multiple copying is permitted in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, the Copyright Clearance Centre and other reproduction rights organisations. Rights & Permissions To obtain permission to re-use copyrighted material from Morgan & Claypool Publishers, please contact [email protected]. ISBN 978-1-6270-5453-9 (ebook) ISBN 978-1-6270-5452-2 (print) ISBN 978-1-6270-5673-1 (mobi) DOI 10.1088/978-1-6270-5453-9 Version: 20141201 IOP Concise Physics ISSN 2053-2571 (online) ISSN 2054-7307 (print) A Morgan & Claypool publication as part of IOP Concise Physics Published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 40 Oak Drive, San Rafael, CA, 94903, USA IOP Publishing, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Contents Preface Bibliography 1 Overview 1.1 Basic circuit elements 1.1.1 Voltage and current sources 1.1.2 Capacitors and inductors 1.1.3 Example 1.2 Diode—rectifier 1.3 Transistor—varistor 1.4 Transistor—transconductance 1.5 Generic amplifier 2 pn-junction diode 2.1 Energy band 2.2 Drift current 2.3 Diffusion current 2.4 pn-junction 2.5 Diode current and models 3 BJT amplifier circuits 3.1 Vacuum tubes 3.2 Introduction to the BJT 3.3 Bias circuits 3.3.1 Large signal model of BJT 3.3.2 Primitive bias circuit 3.3.3 Bias circuit with emitter degenerate resistor 3.3.4 Bias circuit with voltage divider 3.3.5 Bias circuit with collector–base feedback resistor 3.4 Small signal models 3.4.1 T-model 3.4.2 Hybrid-π model 3.5 Basic amplifier circuits 3.5.1 CE amplifier 3.5.2 CB amplifier 3.5.3 CC amplifier 3.6 Amplifiers with feedback 3.6.1 Amplifier with collector–base feedback resistor 3.6.2 Amplifier with emitter degenerate resistor 4 MOSFET amplifier circuits 4.1 Introduction to MOSFETs 4.2 Small signal models 4.2.1 Hybrid-π model at low frequency 4.2.2 T-model at low frequency 4.2.3 Hybrid-π model at high frequency 4.3 Basic amplifier circuits 4.3.1 CS amplifier 4.3.2 CG amplifier 4.3.3 CD amplifier 4.4 First order RC filters 4.4.1 Phasor expression 4.4.2 RC LPF 4.4.3 RC HPF 4.4.4 RCR LPF and HPF 4.4.5 RCR step-down filter 4.4.6 RCR step-up filter 4.5 Low frequency response of CS amplifier 4.5.1 Gate capacitance 4.5.2 Drain capacitance 4.5.3 Source capacitance 4.6 High frequency response of CS amplifier 5 Differential amplifiers 5.1 Ideal differential amplifiers 5.2 Basic differential amplifiers 5.2.1 Cheap differential amplifiers 5.2.2 Simple differential amplifiers 5.3 Current mirrors 5.3.1 Basic current mirror 5.3.2 Widlar current mirror 5.3.3 Cascode current mirror 5.3.4 Wilson current mirror 5.4 Differential amplifiers with active load 5.4.1 Differential amplifier with single-ended output 5.4.2 Differential amplifier with differential output 5.5 Multistage amplifiers 5.5.1 Amplification 5.5.2 Frequency response 6 Operational amplifiers 6.1 Introduction to op-amps 6.2 Op-amps with negative feedback 6.2.1 Non-inverting amplifier 6.2.2 Inverting amplifier 6.2.3 Operation of subtraction 6.3 Active filters 6.3.1 First order active filters 6.3.2 Second order active filters 6.4 Op-amps with positive feedback 6.4.1 Inverting Schmitt trigger 6.4.2 Non-inverting Schmitt trigger 6.5 Oscillators Preface Microelectronics is a challenging course to many undergraduate students and is often described as very messy. First, it covers many kinds of electronic device; for example, there is a whole family of diodes. Second, the characteristics of these devices are also rather complicated, for example the I–V curves of transistors. Third, various circuit configurations can be constructed, such as CB, CC and CE BJT amplifiers. Fourth, there are strong couplings between different parts of a circuit, such as circuits with feedback. Fifth, there are many conflicting constraints in design, such as bandwidth, power consumption, linearity, stability etc. In short, this topic is often considered a ‘black art’. Before taking this course, all the students have learned circuit analysis, where basically all the problems can be solved by applying Kirchhoff’s laws. In addition, most engineering students have also learned engineering mechanics: statics and dynamics, where Newton’s laws and related principles can be applied in solving all the problems. However, microelectronics is not as clean as these courses. There are hundreds of equations for different circuits, and it is impossible to remember which equation should be applied to which circuit. One of the common pitfalls in learning this course is over- focusing at the equation level and ignoring the ideas (Tao) behind it. Unfortunately, these ideas are not summarized and emphasized in most microelectronics textbooks, though they cover various electronic circuits comprehensively. Therefore, most undergraduate students feel at a loss when they start to learn this topic. This book tries to illustrate the major ideas and the basic analysis techniques, so that students can derive the right equations easily when facing an electronic circuit. In chapter 1, the basic electronic devices are introduced in a coarse grained way; i.e., their basic features are highlighted and the details are ignored. Although some descriptions are not rigorous, the gist of these devices can be grasped very easily. In addition, the general ideas of rectifier and amplifier circuits are discussed. In chapter 2, the pn-junction diode is covered together with a brief introduction to semiconductor physics. Actually, the pn-junction is a structure that exists in most semiconductor devices, such as the BJT and MOSFET. In chapter 3, BJT characteristics and amplifier circuits are covered. Although the BJT is no longer widely used in integrated circuits, it is still an important topic. In chapter 4, basic MOSFET amplifier circuits are introduced, as well as the low and high frequency responses. Chapter 5 covers differential amplifiers, which are widely used in analog integrated circuits. In chapter 6, important operational amplifier circuits are introduced, where feedback effects play a very important role. Besides being a primer in microelectronics, this book can also be used as a study guide to supplement the learning of this topic. I would like to express my thanks to the people whose contributions made the publishing of this book possible. First, I would like to thank my agent at IOP, Jeanine Burke, who extended the invitation to me to write this book and answered many questions. Second, I would like to thank Stephanie Howard, a former student who took this course with me, who did an excellent job in editing the manuscript. Third, I would like thank the reviewers who provided many beneficial suggestions and also corrected a few errors in the manuscript. Chapters 1 and 4 were reviewed by Camden Criddle, chapters 2 and 5 were reviewed by Dakota Crisp, chapter 3 was reviewed by David Probst and chapter 6 was reviewed by Timothy Pierce. Fourth, I would like to thank my wife, Qin Zhong, for supporting me writing this book. Last but not least, I would like to thank all my former students, who took my courses on semiconductor devices and electronic circuits in the past 14 years. While preparing the lectures and interacting with my students, I have been forced to think more deeply and find better ways to explain these topics. My experience demonstrates that most students can learn microelectronics quite well if the right approach is adopted. The motivation in writing this book is to help more students overcome the challenge of this course and start a successful career related to electronics. Yumin Zhang Cape Girardeau, Missouri, 2014. 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