The SQUID Handbook: Applications of SQUIDs and SQUID Systems, Volume II

652 Pages·2006·8.432 MB·English

J.Clarke,A.I.Braginski(Eds.)
TheSQUIDHandbook
Vol.II
TheSQUIDHandbook.Vol.II:ApplicationsofSQUIDsandSQUIDSystems.
JohnClarkeandAlexI.Braginski(Eds.)
Copyright(cid:1)2006WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:3-527-40408-2
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John Clarke, Alex I. Braginski (Eds.)
The SQUID Handbook
Vol. II Applications of SQUIDs
and SQUID Systems
TheEditors & AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHare
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Prof.JohnClarke editors,andpublisherdonotwarrantthe
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(cid:1)2006WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,
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ISBN-13: 978-3-527-40408-7
ISBN-10: 3-527-40408-2
This Handbook is dedicated to the memory of
Robin P. Giffard, Christoph Heiden and
James E. Zimmerman.

VII
Contents
VolumeI
Preface XI
1 Introduction 1
1.1 TheBeginning 2
1.2 SubsequentDevelopments 5
1.3 ThedcSQUID:AFirstLook 7
1.4 TherfSQUID:AFirstLook 12
1.5 CryogenicsandSystems 16
1.6 Instruments:Amplifiers,MagnetometersandGradiometers 17
1.7 Applications 21
1.8 ChallengesandPerspectives 24
1.9 Acknowledgment 26
2 SQUIDTheory 29
2.1 JosephsonJunctions 30
2.2 TheoryofthedcSQUID 43
2.3 TheoryoftherfSQUID 70
3 SQUIDFabricationTechnology 93
3.1 JunctionElectrodeMaterialsandTunnelBarriers 94
3.2 Low-temperatureSQUIDDevices 96
3.3 High-temperatureSQUIDDevices 107
3.4 FutureTrends 118
4 SQUIDElectronics 127
4.1 General 128
4.2 BasicPrincipleofaFlux-lockedLoop 128
4.3 ThedcSQUIDReadout 137
4.4 TherfSQUIDReadout 155
4.5 TrendsinSQUIDElectronics 165
TheSQUIDHandbook.Vol.II:ApplicationsofSQUIDsandSQUIDSystems.
JohnClarkeandAlexI.Braginski(Eds.)
Copyright(cid:1)2006WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:3-527-40408-2
VIII Contents
5 PracticalDCSQUIDS:ConfigurationandPerformance 171
5.1 Introduction 172
5.2 BasicdcSQUIDDesign 175
5.3 Magnetometers 186
5.4 Gradiometers 193
5.5 1/f NoiseandOperationinAmbientField 200
5.6 OtherPerformanceDegradingEffects 208
6 PracticalRFSQUIDs:ConfigurationandPerformance 219
6.1 Introduction 220
6.2 RfSQUIDMagnetometers 220
6.3 RfSQUIDGradiometers 236
6.4 Low-FrequencyExcessNoiseinrfSQUIDs 237
6.5 ResponseofrfSQUIDstoHigh-frequencyElectromagnetic
Interference 239
6.6 CharacterizationandAdjustmentofrfSQUIDs 241
6.7 TherfSQUIDversusthedcSQUID 244
6.8 ConcludingRemarksandOutlook 246
7 SQUIDSystemIssues 251
7.1 Introduction 254
7.2 Cryogenics 255
7.3 CablingandElectronics 272
7.4 DataAcquisitionandRudimentarySignalProcessing 289
7.5 Characterization,CalibrationandTesting 292
7.6 ConditionsImposedonSQUIDSystemsbytheEnvironmentand
Applications 309
7.7 NoiseSuppression 315
7.8 SignalandNoiseImplicationsfortheSQUIDSystemDesign 335
7.9 ConcludingRemarksandSystemTrends 344
Appendix1 357
BasicPropertiesofSuperconductivity
Appendix2 367
Abbreviations,ConstantsandSymbols
Index 383
Contents IX
VolumeII
Preface XI
ListofContributors XV
8 SQUIDVoltmetersandAmplifiers 1
J.Clarke,A.T.Lee,M.M(cid:1)ckandP.L.Richards
8.1 Introduction 3
8.2 Voltmeters 4
8.3 TheSQUIDasaRadiofrequencyAmplifier 5
8.4 MicrostripSQUIDAmplifier 20
8.5 SQUIDReadoutofThermalDetectors 32
8.6 NuclearMagneticandQuadrupoleResonanceandMagnetic
ResonanceImaging 56
8.7 TheAxionDetector 81
9 SQUIDsforStandardsandMetrology 95
J.GallopandF.Piquemal
9.1 Introduction 96
9.2 SQUIDsinVoltageMetrology 97
9.3 CryogenicCurrentComparator(CCC) 101
9.4 OtherCurrentMetrologicalApplicationsofSQUIDs 123
9.5 FutureTrendsandConclusion 129
10 TheMagneticInverseProblem 139
E.A.Lima,A.IrimiaandJ.P.Wikswo
10.1 ThePeculiaritiesoftheMagneticInverseProblem 141
10.2 TheMagneticForwardProblem 145
10.3 TheMagneticInverseProblem 168
10.4 Conclusions 254
11 Biomagnetism 269
J.Vrba,J.NenonenandL.Trahms
11.1 Introduction 271
11.2 Magnetoencephalography 274
11.3 Magnetocardiography 321
11.4 QuasistaticFieldMagnetometry 342
11.5 Magnetoneurography 346
11.6 LiverSusceptometry 351
11.7 Gastromagnetometry 356
11.8 MagneticRelaxationImmunoassays 360
X Contents
12 MeasurementsofMagnetismandMagneticPropertiesofMatter 391
R.C.BlackandF.C.Wellstood
12.1 Introduction 392
12.2 TheSQUIDMagnetometer–Susceptometer 392
12.3 ScanningSQUIDMicroscopy 409
13 NondestructiveEvaluationofMaterialsand
StructuresusingSQUIDs 441
H.-J.KrauseandG.Donaldson
13.1 Introduction 442
13.2 DetectionofMagneticMoments 445
13.3 MagneticFluxLeakageTechnique 448
13.4 StaticCurrentDistributionMapping 452
13.5 EddyCurrentTechnique 453
13.6 AlternativeExcitationTechniques 467
13.7 ConclusionandProspects 472
14 SQUIDsforGeophysicalSurveyandMagneticAnomalyDetection 481
T.R.Clem,C.P.Foley,M.N.Keene
14.1 Introduction 483
14.2 MagneticMeasurementsintheEarth’sField 484
14.3 OperationofSQUIDsinRealWorldEnvironments 494
14.4 DataAcquisitionandSignalProcessing 499
14.5 GeophysicalApplicationsofSQUIDs 504
14.6 MagneticAnomalyDetectionSystemsusingSQUIDs 527
14.7 FutureProspects 536
15 GravityandMotionSensors 545
HoJ.Paik
15.1 Introduction 546
15.2 TheSuperconductingAccelerometer 547
15.3 SuperconductingTransducerforGravitational-WaveDetectors 548
15.4 SuperconductingGravityGradiometers(SGGs) 554
15.5 ApplicationsoftheSGGTechnology 563
15.6 Outlook 575
Appendix 581
PhysicalConstants,AbbreviationsandSymbols
Index 617