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THE SECOND TIME AROUND MINIMALISM AND L2 ACQUISITION LANGUAGE ACQUISITION & LANGUAGE DISORDERS EDITORS Harald Clahsen Lydia White University of Essex McGill University EDITORIAL BOARD Anne Baker (University of Amsterdam) Melissa Bowerman (Max Planck Institut für Psycholinguistik, Nijmegen) Katherine Demuth (Brown University) Werner Deutsch (Universität Braunschweig) Kenji Hakuta (UC Santa Cruz) Nina Hyams (University of California at Los Angeles) Peter Jordens (Free University, Amsterdam) Jürgen Meisel (Universität Hamburg) Kim Plunkett (Oxford University) Mabel Rice (University of Kansas) Michael Sharwood Smith (University of Utrecht) Antonella Sorace (University of Edinburgh) Karin Stromswold (Rutgers University) Jürgen Weissenborn (Universität Potsdam) Helmut Zobl (Carleton University, Ottawa) Volume 21 Julia Herschensohn The Second Time Around – Minimalism and L2 Acquisition THE SECOND TIME AROUND MINIMALISM AND L2 ACQUISITION JULIA HERSCHENSOHN University of Washington JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of Ameri- 8 can National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Herschensohn, Julia Rogers, 1945- The second time around : minimalism and L2 acquisition / Julia Herschensohn. p. cm. -- (Language acquisition & language disorders : ISSN 0925-0123; v. 21) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Second language acquisition. 2. Minimalist theory (Linguistics) 3. Grammar, Compara- tive and general. I. Title. II. Series. P118.2.H47 1999 401’.93--dc21 99-058276 ISBN 90 272 2489 7 (Eur.) / 1 55619 786 1 (US) (alk. paper) CIP © 2000 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. (cid:127) P.O.Box 75577 (cid:127) 1070 AN Amsterdam (cid:127) The Netherlands John Benjamins North America (cid:127) P.O.Box 27519 (cid:127) Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 (cid:127) USA ToZachary,AramandOlivia, whotaughtmeaboutfirstandsecondlanguageacquisition Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi C 1 TheoreticalFoundationsofSecondLanguageAcquisition . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Central theses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Modularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Generative theory in acquisition research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 C 2 CriticalAgeandL1/L2Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 A sensitive period for language acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Evidence from second language acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Reconsidering the sensitive age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 The Fundamental Difference Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 C 3 GenerativeTheoryFromAspectstoMinimalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Grammar and its universals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 The Minimalist Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Access to Universal Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 viii TABLEOFCONTENTS C 4 TheStagesofFirstandSecondLanguageAcquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 First language acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Parameter setting, L1A and L2A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Second language acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 C 5 ParameterShiftinginL2Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Minimalism, UG, and L2A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 The Verb Raising Parameter: French and English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 The Null Subject parameter: Spanish and English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 The V2 Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 C 6 EvidenceforUGAccessinL2A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 UG constrained interlanguage grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Poverty of the stimulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Non-L1 phenomena: L2 clitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Expert L2 grammars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 C 7 TheRoleofLearningStrategiesandUG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Process of acquisition, L1/L2 revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Other influences on second language acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Constructionism: A coalition of resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 C 8 RelearningLanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Universal Grammar and second language acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Constructionism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 TABLEOFCONTENTS ix References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 NameIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

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Linking recent advances in theoretical syntax and empirical research in language development, the book claims that second language acquisition is not totally distinct from first language acquisition, but rather is a replay, a relearning of language. It argues that Universal Grammar is a template gui
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