The Scramjet Engine: Processes and Characteristics (Cambridge Aerospace Series)

271 Pages·2009·3.03 MB·English

by  Corin Segal

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THE SCRAMJET ENGINE
PROCESSESANDCHARACTERISTICS
The renewed interest in high-speed propulsion has led to increased
activityinthedevelopmentofthesupersoniccombustionramjetengine
for hypersonic flight applications. In this flight regime, the scramjet
engine’s specific thrust exceeds that of other propulsion systems. This
book,writtenbyaleadingresearcher,describestheprocessesandchar-
acteristics of the scramjet engine in a unified manner, reviewing both
theoretical and experimental research. The focus is on the phenom-
ena that dictate the thermoaerodynamic processes encountered in the
scramjetengine,includingcomponentanalysesandflow-pathconsidera-
tions;fundamentaltheoreticaltopicsrelatedtointernalflowwithchem-
icalreactionsandnonequilibriumeffects,high-temperaturegasdynam-
ics,andhypersoniceffectsareincluded.Cycleandcomponentanalyses
are further described, followed by flow-path examination. Finally, the
bookreviewsthecurrentexperimentalandtheoreticalcapabilitiesand
describesground-testingfacilitiesandcomputationalfluiddynamicfacil-
itiesdevelopedtodateforthestudyoftime-accurate,high-temperature
aerodynamics.
AftercompletinghisPh.D.attheUniversityofVirginiain1991,Corin
Segal took a teaching position at the University of Florida in the
MechanicalandAerospaceDepartment,wherehenowleadsresearchin
theCombustionandPropulsionLaboratory.Priortohisgraduatestud-
ies, Dr. Segal spent more than 11 years in the aerospace industry as a
senioraerodynamicistandprojectmanagerandasaleaderofthetech-
nicalbureau.HiscurrentresearchattheUniversityofFloridacoversa
range of topics, including mixing and combustion in high-speed flows,
supercriticalmixing,high-pressurecombustion,andcavitation.Results
ofhisgroup’sresearchhaveappearedinnationalandinternationalpub-
lications.Dr.SegalisanassociateeditoroftheAIAAJournalofPropul-
sionandPowerandanassociateFellowofAIAA.
CambridgeAerospaceSeries
Editors
WeiShyyandMichaelJ.Rycroft
1. J.M.RolfeandK.J.Staples(eds.):FlightSimulation
2. P.Berlin:TheGeostationaryApplicationsSatellite
3. M.J.T.Smith:AircraftNoise
4. N.X.Vinh:FlightMechanicsofHigh-PerformanceAircraft
5. W.A.MairandD.L.Birdsall:AircraftPerformance
6. M.J.AbzugandE.E.Larrabee:AirplaneStabilityandControl
7. M.J.Sidi:SpacecraftDynamicsandControl
8. J.D.Anderson:AHistoryofAerodynamics
9. A.M. Cruise, J.A. Bowles, C.V. Goodall, and T.J. Patrick: Principles of
SpaceInstrumentDesign
10. G.A.KhouryandJ.D.Gillett(eds.):AirshipTechnology
11. J.Fielding:IntroductiontoAircraftDesign
12. J.G.Leishman:PrinciplesofHelicopterAerodynamics,2ndEdition
13. J.KatzandA.Plotkin:LowSpeedAerodynamics,2ndEdition
14. M.J.AbzugandE.E.Larrabee:AirplaneStabilityandControl:AHistory
oftheTechnologiesThatMadeAviationPossible,2ndEdition
15. D.H. Hodges and G.A. Pierce: Introduction to Structural Dynamics and
Aeroelasticity
16. W.Fehse:AutomaticRendezvousandDockingofSpacecraft
17. R.D.Flack:FundamentalsofJetPropulsionwithApplications
18. E.A.Baskharone:PrinciplesofTurbomachineryinAir-BreathingEngines
19. D.D.Knight:NumericalMethodsforHigh-SpeedFlows
20. C.Wagner,T.Hu¨ttl,andP.Sagaut:Large-EddySimulationforAcoustics
21. D. Joseph, T. Funada, and J. Wang: Potential Flows of Viscous and
ViscoelasticFluids
22. W. Shyy, Y. Lian, H. Liu, J. Tang, and D. Viieru: Aerodynamics of Low
ReynoldsNumberFlyers
23. J.H.Saleh:AnalysesforDurabilityandSystemDesignLifetime
24. B.K.Donaldson:AnalysisofAircraftStructures,2ndEdition
25. C.Segal:TheScramjetEngine:ProcessesandCharacteristics
The Scramjet Engine
PROCESSES AND CHARACTERISTICS
Corin Segal
UniversityofFlorida
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521838153
© Corin Segal 2009
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the
provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2009
ISBN-13 978-0-511-65110-6 eBook (NetLibrary)
ISBN-13 978-0-521-83815-3 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given
in this work are correct at the time of first printing, but Cambridge University Press
does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.
Contents
Preface pagexi
ListofAcronyms xv
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 TheRamjetandtheSupersonicCombustionRamjet
(Scramjet)EngineCycle 1
1.2 HistoricalOverview 4
1.3 Summary 12
References 14
2 TheoreticalBackground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1 FieldEquationsandConstitutiveRelationsfor
CompressibleFlows 16
2.1.1 FieldEquationsofFluidMotion 16
2.1.1.1 MassConservation 17
2.1.1.2 MomentumConservationEquations 17
2.1.1.3 ConservationofEnergy 18
2.1.1.4 ConservationofSpecies 18
2.1.2 ConstitutiveEquations 18
2.1.2.1 EquationsofState 19
2.1.2.2 TheFourierLawforHeatTransfer 19
2.1.2.3 TheShear-StressTensor 19
2.2 One-DimensionalSteadyFlowandtheRankine–Hugoniot
Relations 20
2.2.1 One-DimensionalSteadyFlow 20
2.2.2 TheRankine–HugoniotRelations 22
2.2.3 ReservoirConditionsandThermalChokingin
Constant-AreaDucts 23
v
vi Contents
2.3 ChemicalReactionsandEquilibrium 25
2.3.1 ThermodynamicRelationsandtheGibbsFunction 25
2.3.2 ChemicalEquilibrium 26
2.3.3 TheLawofMassActionandReaction-Rate
Constants 28
2.3.4 AirEquilibriumComposition 30
2.4 NonequilibriumConsiderations 32
References 33
3 High-TemperatureGasDynamicsandHypersonicEffects . . . . . 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Real-GasEquationofState 36
3.3 ElementsofKineticTheory 37
3.3.1 Pressure,Energy,andtheEquationofState 37
3.3.2 MeanFreePath 40
3.3.3 MaxwellianDistribution–VelocityDistribution
Function 42
3.3.4 TransportCoefficients 44
3.4 ElementsofStatisticalThermodynamics 46
3.4.1 MicroscopicDescriptionofGases 47
3.4.1.1 ModesofEnergy 47
3.4.1.2 QuantumEnergyLevelsandDegeneracies 49
3.4.1.3 EnumerationofMicrostatesandthe
Macrostate 51
3.4.2 CountingtheNumberofMicrostatesforaGiven
Macrostate 51
3.4.3 TheMostProbableState 53
3.4.4 TheBoltzmannDistribution 53
3.4.5 ThermodynamicPropertiesinTermsof
thePartitionFunction 54
3.4.6 EvaluationofthePartitionFunction 55
3.4.7 EvaluationofThermodynamicProperties 57
3.5 HypersonicFlow 59
References 61
4 CycleAnalysesandEnergyManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
4.1 Introduction 62
4.2 IdealScramjetCycle 64
4.3 TrajectoryandLoads 68
4.4 PerformanceAnalysis 70
4.5 CombinedCycles 72
4.5.1 TheTurbine-BasedCombinedCycle–TBCC 73
Contents vii
4.5.2 TheRocket-BasedCombinedCycle–RBCC 75
4.5.2.1 RBCCSystems’ModeofOperation 76
4.5.2.2 Combined-CyclePropulsionTechnicalIssues 78
4.5.2.3 Mode-SpecificRBCCTechnicalIssues 79
References 82
5 InletsandNozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.1 Inlets 87
5.1.1 Introduction 87
5.1.2 CompressionProcessEfficiencyandEnergetic
Balance 90
5.1.2.1 PressureRecoveryandKineticEnergy
Efficiency 90
5.1.2.2 ThePressureCoefficientK 93
WP
5.1.2.3 InletPerformance–Compressionand
ContractionRatioEffects 95
5.1.3 FlowInteractionsandInletDesignConsiderations 98
5.1.3.1 InletStarting 98
5.1.3.2 ViscousInteractions 100
5.1.3.3 Shock–Boundary-LayerInteractions 103
5.1.4 AdvancedConceptsforInlet-FlowControl 106
5.1.4.1 IntakeAirEnergyManagement 106
5.1.4.2 FlowDecelerationUsingaMagneticField 107
5.1.4.3 FlowControlUsingFuelInjection 114
5.1.5 Summary 121
5.2 Nozzles 122
References 124
6 SupersonicCombustionProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 TimeScales 128
6.3 Fuel–AirMixing 130
6.3.1 Parallel,Unbounded,CompressibleFlows 131
6.3.1.1 TheDefinitionoftheConvectiveMach
Number 133
6.3.1.2 Two-DimensionalShear-LayerGrowth–
VelocityandDensityDependence 135
6.3.1.3 CompressibilityEffectsonShear-Layer
Growth 136
6.3.1.4 EffectsofHeatReleaseontheShearLayer 137
6.3.1.5 MixingWithintheShearLayer 138
6.3.2 MixingofAngledorTransverseFlows 139
viii Contents
6.3.3 DegreeofMixingandMixingEfficiency 148
6.3.4 MixingEnhancement 151
6.4 ChemicalKinetics–ReactionMechanisms 157
6.4.1 Hydrogen–AirReactionMechanisms 158
6.4.1.1 ReducedMechanismsforHydrogen–Air
Combustion 163
6.4.2 ReactionMechanismsforHydrocarbons 165
6.4.3 Summary 170
6.5 FlameStability 171
6.5.1 Recirculation-RegionFlowField 172
6.5.2 Recirculation-RegionTemperature 174
6.5.3 LocalEquivalenceRatioAnalysis 176
6.5.4 Recirculation-RegionCompositionAnalysis 177
6.5.5 StabilityParameterFormulations 179
6.5.6 Summary 182
6.6 CombustionChamberDesignandHeat-ReleaseEfficiency 182
6.6.1 Isolator 183
6.6.2 CombustionChamberDesignandPerformance 187
6.6.2.1 GeneralChamberDesignParameters 187
6.6.2.2 PressureRiseandCombustionEfficiency 189
6.7 ScalingFactors 198
6.8 FuelManagement 201
6.8.1 FuelsasVehicleandEngineComponent
CoolantAgents 201
6.8.2 ThermalversusCatalyticDecomposition 204
6.8.3 FuelManagement 206
References 207
7 TestingMethodsandWindTunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.1 Introduction 215
7.2 HypersonicFlightDomain 215
7.3 BlowdownFacilities 217
7.3.1 Combustion-HeatedWindTunnels 217
7.3.2 ElectricallyHeatedWindTunnels 219
7.3.3 Arc-HeatedFacilities 221
7.4 Short-Duration,Pulsed-FlowWindTunnels 222
7.4.1 ShockTunnels 222
7.4.2 Free-PistonShockTubes 224
7.4.3 ExpansionTubes 225
7.5 Summary 227
References 227