The Scientific Basis of Urology

704 Pages·2010·15.81 MB·English

by  Anthony R. Mundy

The ScienTific Mundy
Fitzpatrick
Neal
BaSiS of Urology
George The
Third ediTion
T
ScienTific
About the editors h
e
Anthony R. Mundy, MS, FRCP, FRCS
Professor of Urology, Institute of Urology and Nephrology, University College
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Hospital, London, UK
c BaSiS of
John M. Fitzpatrick, MCh, FRCSI, FRC(Urol), FRCSGlas, FRCS i
Professor of Surgery, Surgical Professorial Unit, University College Dublin, Ireland e
David E. Neal, FMed Sci, MS, FRCS n
Urology
Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Surgical and Reproductive T
Science, University of Cambridge, UK
i
f
Nicholas J. R. George, MD, FRCS
Consultant Urologist, Withington Hospital, and Senior Lecturer, Department of i
c
Urology, University Hospitals of South Manchester, UK

B Third ediTion
About the book
a
Each area, function, illness and treatment of the urinary tract – along with specific
S
discussions of the relevant anatomy and physiology – is included here in clearly
i
written text, illustrated with diagrams and color clinical photographs as relevant.
S
This third edition has been revised throughout, with entirely new material on

genetic alterations in cancer, on hypogonadism, and on minimally invasive o
Edited by
technologies, amongst others. Urologists and andrologists in training and in practice
will benefit from this clear summary of the scientific underpinnings to their subject. f

Praise for previous editions U Anthony R. Mundy
I would strongly recommend that all students, residents, and faculty r
interested in the basic science of urology add this text to their collection
o
John M. Fitzpatrick
and congratulate the editors and authors on this great work.

l
Urology
o
David E. Neal
g
y
Nicholas J. R. George
Third
ediTion
Telephone House, 69-77 Paul Street,
London EC2A 4LQ, UK
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www.informahealthcare.com
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The Scientific Basis of Urology
Third Edition
Edited by
Anthony R. Mundy, MS, FRCP, FRCS
Professor of Urology, Institute of Urology and Nephrology,
University College Hospital, London, UK
John M. Fitzpatrick, MCh, FRCSI, FRC(Urol), FRCSGlas, FRCS
Professor of Surgery, Surgical Professorial Unit,
University College Dublin, Ireland
David E. Neal, FMed Sci, MS, FRCS
Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery,
School of Surgical and Reproductive Science,
University of Cambridge, UK
Nicholas J. R. George, MD, FRCS
Consultant Urologist, Withington Hospital,
and Senior Lecturer, Department of Urology,
University Hospitals of South Manchester, UK
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Firstpublishedin1999byIsisMedicalMedia,Ltd,Oxford,UK
Thiseditionpublishedin2010byInformaHealthcare,TelephoneHouse,69-77PaulStreet,LondonEC2A4LQ,UK.
SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAbyInformaHealthcare,52VanderbiltAvenue,7thfloor,NewYork,NY10017,USA.
#2010InformaUKLtd,exceptasotherwiseindicated.
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Preface
It is 10 years since the first edition, and 5 years since the second edition of this
book. We are pleased that there is demand for a third edition. Once again, we
have included some new chapters, but more importantly, the whole book has
beenrevisedtoreflectachangingunderstandingofthescientificbasisofurology
over the last few years. When the editors—senior gentlemen all!—completed
their training in urology and became consultants, there was a tacit assumption
that our knowledge base would last us through for the rest of our careers. Now,
instead of reckoning on a 25-year life expectancy for our knowledge base, it is
probablynearer2.5years.Oneconsiderablebenefitfromeditingthisbookisthat
the fourof us havemanaged to keep upto date,and we hope that other readers
will benefit in the same way. We all believe that a sound scientific basis is
essential for a good clinical practice and therefore hope that this book will be of
interest to all urologists.
Tony Mundy
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Contents
Preface....iii
Contributors....vii
1. Introduction to Cell Biology................................................. 1
Haley L. Bennett and Hing Leung
2. The Cell and Cell Division................................................. 11
David E. Neal
3. Inflammation................................................................. 34
Neville Woolf
4. Immunology.................................................................. 42
Anne C. Cunningham, Graeme O’Boyle, and John A. Kirby
5. The Nature of Renal Function.............................................. 57
George B. Haycock
6. Principles of Radiological Imaging of the Urinary Tract................. 83
Uday Patel and Miles Walkden
7. Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction.......................................... 103
Neil G. Docherty and John M. Fitzpatrick
8. Interactive Obstructive Uropathy: Observations and Conclusions
from Studies on Humans .................................................. 113
Nicholas J. R. George
9. Urinary Tract Infection..................................................... 130
Nicholas J. R. George
10. The Scientific Basis of Urinary Stone Formation ........................ 162
William G. Robertson
11. Pathophysiology and Management of Shock............................. 182
Iain M. J. Mackenzie
12. Acute Renal Failure ........................................................ 203
Rona Smith and John R. Bradley
13. Chronic Renal Failure...................................................... 210
Sanjay Ojha and John R. Bradley
14. Structure and Function of the Lower Urinary Tract ..................... 221
Anthony R. Mundy
15. Physiological Properties of the Lower Urinary Tract .................... 244
Christopher H. Fry
16. Scientific Basis of Urodynamics........................................... 266
Michael Craggs and Sarah Knight
17. Scientific Basis of Male Hypogonadism.................................. 279
Thang S. Han and Pierre-Marc G. Bouloux
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vi Contents
18. Male Sexual Function ...................................................... 300
Giulio Garaffa, Suks Minhas, and David J. Ralph
19. The Prostate and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.......................... 316
Mark Feneley, Anthony R. Mundy, and Mark Emberton
20. Genetic and Biological Alterations in Cancer............................ 335
Vincent J. Gnanapragasam
21. General Biology of Cancer and Metastasis............................... 343
David E. Neal
22. Tumor Suppressor Genes and Oncogenes................................ 351
David E. Neal
23. The Molecular Genetics and Pathology of Renal Cell Carcinoma...... 360
Maxine G. B. Tran, Tim O’Brien, and Patrick H. Maxwell
24. Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder.............................. 374
T. R. Leyshon Griffiths and Nick Mayer
25. Prostate Cancer.............................................................. 386
Freddie C. Hamdy and Craig N. Robson
26. Testis Cancer................................................................ 403
Danish Mazhar and Michael Williams
27. Radiotherapy: Scientific Principles and Practical Application
in Urogical Malignancies .................................................. 415
Angela Swampillai, Rachel Lewis, Mary McCormack, and Heather Payne
28. Principles of Systemic Cancer Therapy................................... 428
Christina Thirlwell, John Bridgewater, and Judith Cave
29. Embryology ................................................................. 438
David F. M. Thomas
30. Urological and Biochemical Aspects of Transplantation Biology....... 454
David Talbot and Naeem Soomro
31. Tissue Transfer in Urology ................................................ 462
Daniela E. Andrich and Anthony R. Mundy
32. Energy Sources in Urology................................................. 474
Andy Symes and Ken M. Anson
33. Instrumentation in Urology................................................ 492
Rashmi Singh and Ken M. Anson
34. Minimally Invasive Technologies in the Treatment of Renal
and Prostate Cancer ........................................................ 506
Hashim U. Ahmed, Caroline Moore, Manit Arya, and Mark Emberton
35. Stratified Risk Assessment for Urological Surgery...................... 523
Thiru Gunendran, Nicholas A. Wisely, and Nicholas J. R. George
36. Screening in Urology....................................................... 542
Nicholas J. R. George
37. Evidence-Based Medicine.................................................. 560
Kieran J. O’Flynn
Index....575
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Contributors
Hashim U. Ahmed Department of Urology, Division of Surgical and
Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, U.K.
Daniela E. Andrich Institute of Urology and Nephrology, University College
Hospital, London, U.K.
Ken M. Anson Department of Urology, St. George’s Hospital, London, U.K.
Manit Arya Department of Urology, Division of Surgical and Interventional
Sciences, University College London, London, U.K.
Haley L. Bennett Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, U.K.
Pierre-Marc G. Bouloux Department of Endocrinology, Royal Free and
University College Hospital Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, U.K.
John R. Bradley Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
Cambridge, U.K.
John Bridgewater University College London Cancer Institute, University
College London Medical School, London, U.K.
Judith Cave Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, U.K.
Michael Craggs London Spinal Cord Injuries Centre, Royal National
Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, U.K.
Anne C. Cunningham Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sunderland,
Sunderland, U.K.
Neil G. Docherty The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
MarkEmberton DepartmentofUrology,DivisionofSurgicalandInterventional
Sciences, University College London, London, U.K.
Mark Feneley Institute of Urology and Nephrology, University College
Hospital, London, U.K.
John M. Fitzpatrick Mater Misericordiae Hospital and University College
Dublin, Ireland
Christopher H. Fry Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey,
Guildford, U.K.
Giulio Garaffa Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals,
London, U.K.
NicholasJ.R.George DepartmentofUrology,WithingtonHospital,University
Hospitals of South Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
Vincent J. Gnanapragasam Uro-oncology Group, Department of Oncology,
Hutchinson MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
T. R. Leyshon Griffiths Urology Group, Department of Cancer Studies and
Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.
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viii Contributors
Thiru Gunendran Department of Urology, University Hospital of South
Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
Freddie C. Hamdy Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford,
Oxford, U.K.
Thang S. Han Department of Endocrinology, Royal Free and University Col-
lege Hospital Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, U.K.
George B. Haycock Academic Department of Paediatrics, Guy’s Hospital,
London, U.K.
John A. Kirby Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
SarahKnight LondonSpinalCordInjuriesCentre,RoyalNationalOrthopaedic
Hospital, Stanmore, U.K.
Hing Leung Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, U.K.
Rachel Lewis Department of Oncology, University College Hospitals, London,
U.K.
Iain M. J. Mackenzie Departmentof Anaesthesia andCriticalCare,University
Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, U.K.
Patrick H. Maxwell Division of Medicine, University College Hospital,
London, U.K.
Nick Mayer University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.
Danish Mazhar Department of Medical Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
Cambridge, U.K.
Mary McCormack Department of Oncology, University College Hospitals,
London, U.K.
Suks Minhas Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals,
London, U.K.
Caroline Moore Department of Urology, Division of Surgical and
Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, U.K.
Anthony R. Mundy Institute of Urology and Nephrology, University College
Hospital, London, U.K.
David E. Neal Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge,
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K.
Graeme O’Boyle Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
TimO’Brien DepartmentofUrology,Guy’sandStThomas’Hospital,London,
U.K.
Kieran J. O’Flynn Department of Urology, Salford Royal Foundation Trust,
Salford, Manchester, U.K.
Sanjay Ojha Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
Cambridge, U.K.
Uday Patel St George’s Hospital and Medical School, London, U.K.
Heather Payne Department of Oncology, University College Hospitals,
London, U.K.
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Contributors ix
David J. Ralph Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals,
London, U.K.
William G. Robertson Physiology Department, Royal Free and University
College Medical School, London, U.K.
Craig N. Robson Northern Institute for Cancer Research, The Medical School,
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, U.K.
Rashmi Singh Department of Urology, Kingston and St. George’s Hospital,
London, U.K.
Rona Smith Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
Cambridge, U.K.
Naeem Soomro Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital,
Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
Angela Swampillai Department of Oncology, University College Hospitals,
London, U.K.
Andy Symes Department of Urology, St George’s Hospital, London, U.K.
David Talbot Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery,
Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
Christina Thirlwell University College London Cancer Institute, University
College London Medical School, London, U.K.
David F. M. Thomas Department of Paediatric Urology, St James’s University
Hospital, Leeds, U.K.
Maxine G. B. Tran Department of Urology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
Cambridge, U.K.
Miles Walkden University College Hospital, London, U.K.
Michael Williams Department of Clinical Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
Cambridge, U.K.
Nicholas A. Wisely Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospital of South
Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
Neville Woolf Medical School Administration, University College London,
London, U.K.