The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis 00-Flick-Prelims.indd 1 29-Oct-13 2:00:38 PM International Advisory Editorial Board Marcus Banks, Professor of Visual Anthropology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom Rosaline S. Barbour, Professor in Health & Social Care, The Open University, United Kingdom Marie Buscatto, Professor of Sociology at University of Paris (Sorbonne), France Kathy Charmaz, Professor of Sociology and Director of the Faculty Writing Program at Sonoma State University, United States Jan K. Coetzee, Senior Professor of Sociology at the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Amanda Coffey, Professor at Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, United Kingdom John Creswell, Professor of Educational Psychology at Teachers College, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, United States Norman Denzin, Professor of Sociology at University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, United States Thomas S. Eberle, Professor of Sociology at University of St Gallen, Switzerland Nigel Fielding, Professor of Sociology at the University of Surrey, United Kingdom Peter Freebody, Professor at the Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, Australia Giampietro Gobo, Professor of Sociology at Milan University, Italy Hubert Knoblauch, Professor of Sociology at Technical University Berlin, Germany Sonia Livingstone, Professor of Media Research, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom Joseph Maxwell, Professor in the Graduate School of Education at George Mason University, United States Donna Mertens, Professor in the Department of Education at Gallaudet University, United States Janice Morse, Professor at the College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, United States Anssi Peräkylä, Professor of Sociology at University of Helsinki, Finland Jin Sun, Professor at the Institute for International & Comparative Education, Beijing Normal University, China Wivian Weller, Professor at Universidade de Brasília – UnB, Faculdade de Educação, Brazil 00-Flick-Prelims.indd 2 29-Oct-13 2:00:38 PM Endorsements Uwe Flick’s handbook of qualitative data analysis is an illuminating new resource for qualitative and mixed methods scholars. What these authors do in exploring how we think when we do analysis will be invaluable for practicing researchers, novices and experienced hands alike. These essays will also provoke further investigation, discussion, and theorizing about what was once the most neglected area of qualitative research practice. The handbook represents the breadth and depth of what we do when we make sense of information we have gathered about our world. It is an exciting contribution to the methodological literature, and I congratulate Dr. Flick and his colleagues for their achievement here. Judith Preissle, Professor Emeritus, University of Georgia This is an essential resource for the rapidly expanding ranks of researchers employing qualitative practices of inquiry. It represents the most sophisticated, broad-ranging, and multi- vocal array of contributions to the analysis of qualitative data yet available. There are now many texts on qualitative methods, but this is one is unique. It covers ground largely untouched by others, and with responsible attention to multiple points of view. My enthusiastic congratulations to the editor and authors. Kenneth J. Gergen, President, The Taos Institute Qualitative data analysis frequently appears to be a mysterious process to students and often experienced researchers alike. This excellent handbook removes the mystery and unveils invaluable insights into all facets of this crucial phase of the research process. I can’t think of a single aspect of analysis that is left without coverage, so that it will become a ‘must read’ for qualitative researchers for many years to come. Uwe Flick is to be congratulated for putting together such an exceptional collection. Alan Bryman, School of Management, University of Leicester This is a comprehensive account of a large variety of approaches to qualitative data analysis, written by leading international experts in the relevant methodological fields. For those who are confused about different analytic methods in qualitative research this book will clarify overlaps and differences, inform readers about the key features of each approach and will in general be an important resource for students and practitioners of social research. Clive Seale, Professor of Sociology, Brunel University 00-Flick-Prelims.indd 3 29-Oct-13 2:00:38 PM 00-Flick-Prelims.indd 4 29-Oct-13 2:00:38 PM The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis Uwe Flick 00-Flick-Prelims.indd 5 29-Oct-13 2:00:39 PM SAGE Publications Ltd Editorial arrangement © Uwe Flick 2014 1 Oliver’s Yard Parts I, II, III, IV and V introductions Chapter 21 © Rosaline S. Barbour 55 City Road © Uwe Flick 2014 2014 London EC1Y 1SP Chapter 1 © Uwe Flick 2014 Chapter 22 © Merran Toerien 2014 Chapter 2 © Joseph A. Maxwell and Chapter 23 © Carla Willig 2014 SAGE Publications Inc. Margaret Chmiel 2014 Chapter 24 © Amir B. Marvasti 2014 2455 Teller Road Chapter 3 © Jaber F. Gubrium and Chapter 25 © Amanda Coffey 2014 Thousand Oaks, California 91320 James A. Holstein 2014 Chapter 26 © Darrin Hodgetts and Chapter 4 © Tim Rapley Kerry Chamberlain 2014 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd Chapter 5 © Sabine Kowal and Chapter 27 © Marcus Banks 2014 B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Daniel C. O’Connell 2014 Chapter 28 © Lothar Mikos 2014 Mathura Road Chapter 6 © Flora Cornish, Alex Chapter 29 © Christoph Maeder New Delhi 110 044 Gillespie and Tania Zittoun 2014 2014 Chapter 7 © Monika Palmberger Chapter 30 © Hubert Knoblauch, SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd and Andre Gingrich 2014 René Tuma and Bernt Schnettler 3 Church Street Chapter 8 © Tim May and Beth 2014 #10-04 Samsung Hub Perry Chapter 31 © Winfried Marotzki, Singapore 049483 Chapter 9 © Jo Reichertz 2014 Jens Holze and Dan Verständig Chapter 10 © Carla Willig 2014 2014 Chapter 11 © Robert Thornberg Chapter 32 © David Wästerfors, and Kathy Charmaz 2014 Malin Åkerström and Katarina Chapter 12 © Margrit Schreier 2014 Jacobsson 2014 Chapter 13 © Thomas S. Eberle Chapter 33 © Ladislav Timulak 2014 2014 Chapter 14 © Cigdem Esin, Chapter 34 © Rosaline S. Barbour Mastoureh Fathi and Corinne 2014 Editor: Katie Metzler Squire 2014 Chapter 35 © Donna M. Mertens Production editor: Ian Antcliff Chapter 15 © Ralf Bohnsack 2014 2014 Copyeditor: Neville Hankins Chapter 16 © Andreas Wernet 2014 Chapter 36 © Janice M. Morse and Proofreader: Anna Gilding Chapter 17 © Rainer Winter 2014 Lory J. Maddox 2014 Indexer: Avril Ehrlich Chapter 18 © Robert V. Kozinets, Chapter 37 © Joseph A. Maxwell Marketing manager: Ben Griffin-Sherwood Pierre-Yann Dolbec and Amanda and Margaret Chmiel 2014 Cover design: Wendy Scott Earley 2014 Chapter 38 © Udo Kelle 2014 Typeset by: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Chapter 19 © Graham R. Gibbs Chapter 39 © Norman K. Denzin Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Limited at 2014 2014 The Dorset Press, Dorchester, DT1 1HD Chapter 20 © Kathryn Roulston Chapter 40 © Michael Murray 2014 Printed on paper from sustainable resources 2014 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. Library of Congress Control Number: 2013934589 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-4462-0898-4 00-Flick-Prelims.indd 6 29-Oct-13 2:00:39 PM Contents List of Tables and Figures xi About the Editor xii Notes on Contributors xiii Acknowledgements xxiv PART I: MAPPING THE FIELD 1 1 Mapping the Field 3 Uwe Flick PART II: CONCEPTS, CONTEXTS, BASICS 19 2 Notes Toward a Theory of Qualitative Data Analysis 21 Joseph A. Maxwell and Margaret Chmiel 3 Analytic Inspiration in Ethnographic Fieldwork 35 Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein 4 Sampling Strategies in Qualitative Research 49 Tim Rapley 5 Transcription as a Crucial Step of Data Analysis 64 Sabine Kowal and Daniel C. O’Connell 6 Collaborative Analysis of Qualitative Data 79 Flora Cornish, Alex Gillespie and Tania Zittoun 7 Qualitative Comparative Practices: Dimensions, Cases and Strategies 94 Monika Palmberger and Andre Gingrich 8 Reflexivity and the Practice of Qualitative Research 109 Tim May and Beth Perry 9 Induction, Deduction, Abduction 123 Jo Reichertz 10 Interpretation and Analysis 136 Carla Willig 00-Flick-Prelims.indd 7 29-Oct-13 2:00:39 PM viii CONTENTS PART III: ANALYTIC STRATEGIES 151 11 Grounded Theory and Theoretical Coding 153 Robert Thornberg and Kathy Charmaz 12 Qualitative Content Analysis 170 Margrit Schreier 13 Phenomenology as a Research Method 184 Thomas S. Eberle 14 Narrative Analysis: The Constructionist Approach 203 Cigdem Esin, Mastoureh Fathi and Corinne Squire 15 Documentary Method 217 Ralf Bohnsack 16 Hermeneutics and Objective Hermeneutics 234 Andreas Wernet 17 Cultural Studies 247 Rainer Winter 18 Netnographic Analysis: Understanding Culture through Social Media Data 262 Robert V. Kozinets, Pierre-Yann Dolbec, and Amanda Earley 19 Using Software in Qualitative Analysis 277 Graham R. Gibbs PART IV: TYPES OF DATA AND THEIR ANALYSIS 295 20 Analysing Interviews 297 Kathryn Roulston 21 Analysing Focus Groups 313 Rosaline S. Barbour 22 Conversations and Conversation Analysis 327 Merran Toerien 23 Discourses and Discourse Analysis 341 Carla Willig 00-Flick-Prelims.indd 8 29-Oct-13 2:00:39 PM CONTENTS ix 24 Analysing Observations 354 Amir B. Marvasti 25 Analysing Documents 367 Amanda Coffey 26 Analysing News Media 380 Darrin Hodgetts and Kerry Chamberlain 27 Analysing Images 394 Marcus Banks 28 Analysis of Film 409 Lothar Mikos 29 Analysing Sounds 424 Christoph Maeder 30 Video Analysis and Videography 435 Hubert Knoblauch, René Tuma and Bernt Schnettler 31 Analysing Virtual Data 450 Winfried Marotzki, Jens Holze and Dan Verständig PART V: USING AND ASSESSING QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 465 32 Reanalysis of Qualitative Data 467 David Wästerfors, Malin Åkerström and Katarina Jacobsson 33 Qualitative Meta-analysis 481 Ladislav Timulak 34 Quality of Data Analysis 496 Rosaline S. Barbour 35 Ethical Use of Qualitative Data and Findings 510 Donna M. Mertens 36 Analytic Integration in Qualitatively Driven (QUAL) Mixed and Multiple Methods Designs 524 Janice M. Morse and Lory J. Maddox 00-Flick-Prelims.indd 9 29-Oct-13 2:00:39 PM