The SAGE Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods PDF
Preview The SAGE Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods
FM-Bickman-45636:FM-Bickman-45636 7/28/2008 7:30 PM Page i 2 EDITION TheSAGEHandbookof Applied Social Research Methods FM-Bickman-45636:FM-Bickman-45636 7/28/2008 7:30 PM Page ii 2 EDITION The SAGE Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods Leonard Bickman Vanderbilt University Debra J. Rog Westat EDITORS FM-Bickman-45636:FM-Bickman-45636 7/28/2008 7:30 PM Page iv Copyright©2009bySAGEPublications,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyany means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,orbyanyinformation storageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. Forinformation: SAGEPublications,Inc. SAGEPublicationsIndiaPvt.Ltd. 2455TellerRoad B1/I1MohanCooperative ThousandOaks, IndustrialArea California91320 MathuraRoad,NewDelhi110044 E-mail:[email protected] India SAGEPublicationsLtd. SAGEPublications 1Oliver’sYard Asia-PacificPte.Ltd. 55CityRoad 33PekinStreet#02-01 LondonEC1Y1SP FarEastSquare UnitedKingdom Singapore048763 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Handbookofappliedsocialresearchmethods TheSagehandbookofappliedsocialresearchmethods/editedby LeonardBickman,DebraJ.Rog.—2nded. p.cm. Publishedin1998undertitle:Handbookofappliedsocialresearchmethods Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-4129-5031-2(cloth:acid-freepaper) 1. Socialsciences—Research—Methodology. 2. Socialsciences—Methodology. I. Bickman,Leonard,1941- II. Rog,DebraJ. III. Title. H62.H245342009 300.72—dc22 2008008495 Printedonacid-freepaper 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 AcquiringEditor: VickiKnight AssociateEditor: SeanConnelly EditorialAssistant: LaurenHabib ProductionEditor: SarahK.Quesenberry CopyEditor: QuADSPrepress(P)Ltd. Typesetter: C&MDigitals(P)Ltd. Proofreader: MarleisRoberts Indexer: JeanneBusemeyer MarketingManager: StephanieAdams FM-Bickman-45636:FM-Bickman-45636 7/28/2008 7:30 PM Page v Contents Introduction: Why a Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods? viii Leonard Bickman and Debra J. Rog PART I: APPROACHES TO APPLIED RESEARCH 1 1. Applied Research Design: A Practical Approach 3 Leonard Bickman and Debra J. Rog 2. Design Sensitivity: Statistical Power for Applied Experimental Research 44 Mark W. Lipsey and Sean M. Hurley 3. Practical Sampling 77 Gary T. Henry 4. Planning Ethically Responsible Research 106 Joan E. Sieber PART II: APPLIED RESEARCH DESIGNS 143 5. Randomized Controlled Trials for Evaluation and Planning 147 Robert F. Boruch, David Weisburd, Herbert M. Turner III, Allison Karpyn, and Julia Littell 6. Quasi-Experimentation 182 Melvin M. Mark and Charles S. Reichardt 7. Designing a Qualitative Study 214 Joseph A. Maxwell 8. How to Do Better Case Studies (With Illustrations From 20 Exemplary Case Studies) 254 Robert K. Yin FM-Bickman-45636:FM-Bickman-45636 7/28/2008 7:30 PM Page vi 9. Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Research 283 Abbas Tashakkori and Charles Teddlie 10. Organizational Diagnosis 318 Michael I. Harrison 11. Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis 344 Harris M. Cooper, Erika A. Patall, and James J. Lindsay PART III: PRACTICAL DATA COLLECTION 371 12. Design and Evaluation of Survey Questions 375 Floyd J. Fowler Jr. and Carol Cosenza 13. Internet Survey Methods 413 Samuel J. Best and Chase H. Harrison 14. Concept Mapping for Applied Social Research 435 Mary Kane and William M. Trochim 15. Mail Surveys 475 Thomas W. Mangione and Janet H. Van Ness 16. Methods for Sampling and Interviewing in Telephone Surveys 509 Paul J. Lavrakas 17. Ethnography 543 David M. Fetterman 18. Group Depth Interviews: Focus Group Research 589 David W. Stewart, Prem N. Shamdasani, and Dennis W. Rook Author Index 617 Subject Index 635 About the Editors 651 About the Contributors 652 FM-Bickman-45636:FM-Bickman-45636 7/28/2008 7:30 PM Page vii Acknowledgments T heeditorsaregratefulfortheassistanceofPeggyWestlakeinmanagingthe complexprocessofdevelopingandproducingthisHandbook. Publisher’s Acknowledgments SAGE Publications gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following reviewers: NeilBoyd,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,CapitalCollege JulieFleury,ArizonaStateUniversity StevenRogelberg,UniversityofNorthCarolina,Charlotte vii FM-Bickman-45636:FM-Bickman-45636 7/28/2008 7:30 PM Page viii Introduction Why a Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods? Leonard Bickman Debra J.Rog T his second edition of the Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods includes 14 chapters revised and updated from the first edition as well as 4newchapters.Weselectedthecombinationofchaptersinthissecondedi- tiontorepresentthecuttingedgeof appliedsocialresearchmethodsandimpor- tantchangesthathaveoccurredinthefieldinthedecadesincethefirsteditionwas published. Oneareathatcontinuestogainprominenceisthefocusonqualitativeresearch. Inthefirstedition,4of the18chapterswerefocusedonthequalitativeapproach; in this edition,a third of the Handbook now focuses on that approach.Moreover, researchthatcombinesquantitativeandqualitativeresearchmethods,calledmixed methods,hasbecomeamuchmorecommonrequirementforstudies.InChapter9, AbbasTashakorriandCharlesTeddliepresentanapproachtointegratingqualitative andquantitativemethodswithanunderlyingbeliefthatqualitativeandquantitative methodsarenotdichotomousordiscretebutareonacontinuumofapproaches. Anotherchangethatisreflectedinmanyoftherevisedchaptersaswellasintwo of thenewchaptersistheincreasinguseof technologyinresearch.Theuseof the Internetandcomputer-assistedmethodsisdiscussedinseveralofthechaptersand isthefocusofSamuelBestandChaseHarrison’schapter(Chapter13)onInternet surveymethods.Inaddition,MaryKaneandBillTrochim’scontributiononcon- ceptmappinginChapter14offersacutting-edgetechniqueinvolvingbothquali- tativeandquantitativemethodsindesigningresearch. Finally,MichaelHarrison’schapteronorganizationaldiagnosisisanewcontri- bution to this Handbook edition. Harrison’s approach focuses on using methods viii FM-Bickman-45636:FM-Bickman-45636 7/28/2008 7:30 PM Page ix Introduction ix andmodelsfromthebehavioralandorganizationsciencestohelpidentifywhatis goingoninanorganizationandtohelpguidedecisionsbasedonthisinformation. Inadditiontoreflectinganynewdevelopmentsthathaveoccurred(suchasthe technologicalchangesnotedabove),otherchangesthathavebeenmadeinthisedi- tion respond to comments made about the first edition, with an emphasis on increasingthepedagogicalqualityofeachofthechaptersandthebookasawhole. Inparticular,thetexthasbeenmademore“classroomfriendly”withtheinclusion of discussion questions and exercises. The chapters also are current with new researchcitedandimprovedexamplesofthosemethods.Overall,however,research methodsarenotanareathatissubjecttorapidchanges. ThisversionoftheHandbook,likethefirstedition,presentsthemajormethod- ologicalapproachestoconductingappliedsocialresearchthatwebelieveneedtobe inaresearcher’srepertoire.Itservesasa“handy”referenceguide,coveringkeyyet often diverse themes and developments in applied social research. Each chapter summarizesandsynthesizesmajortopicsandissuesofthemethodandisdesigned with a broad perspective but provides information on additional resources for morein-depthtreatmentofanyonetopicorissue. Appliedsocialresearchmethodsspanseveralsubstantivearenas,andthebound- aries of application are not well-defined. The methods can be applied in educa- tional settings, environmental settings, health settings, business settings, and so forth.Inaddition,researchersconductingappliedsocialresearchcomefromseveral disciplinary backgrounds and orientations,including sociology,psychology,busi- ness, political science, education, geography, and social work, to name a few. Consequently,a range of research philosophies,designs,data collection methods, analysistechniques,andreportingmethodscanbeconsideredtobe“appliedsocial research.”Appliedresearch,becauseitconsistsofadiversesetofresearchstrategies, isdifficulttodefinepreciselyandinclusively.Itisprobablymosteasilydefinedby what it is not, thus distinguishing it from basic research. Therefore, we begin by highlightingseveraldifferencesbetweenappliedandbasicresearch;wethenpresent some specific principles relevant to most of the approaches to applied social researchdiscussedinthisHandbook. Distinguishing Applied From Basic Social Research Socialscientistsarefrequentlyinvolvedintacklingreal-worldsocialproblems.The researchtopicsareexceptionallyvaried.Theyincludestudyingphysicians’effortsto improve patients’ compliance with medical regimens, determining whether drug use is decreasing at a local high school,providing up-to-date information on the operations of new educational programs and policies, evaluating the impacts of environmental disasters, and analyzing the likely effects of yet-to-be-tried programstoreduceteenagepregnancy.Researchersareaskedtoestimatethecosts ofeverythingfromshoppingcenterproposalstoweaponssystemsandtospeakto therelativeeffectivenessofalternativeprogramsandpolicies.Increasingly,applied researchersarecontributingtomajorpublicpolicydebatesanddecisions.
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