The Rust Programming Language

554 Pages·2018·5.08 MB·English

by  Steve Klabnik

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The Rust Programming Language is the official book • Using Cargo, Rust’s built-in package manager, to GG
on Rust: an open source systems programming language build, test, and document your code and manage
that helps you write faster, more reliable software. Rust dependencies RRTT
offers the option of control over low-level details (such
• How best to use Rust’s advanced compiler with AA
as memory usage) in combination with high-level ergo- HH
compiler-led programming techniques S T E V E K L A B N I K A N D C A R O L N I C H O L S ,
nomics, eliminating the hassle traditionally associated MM
W I T H C O N T R I B U T I O N S F R O M T H E R U S T C O M M U N I T Y
with low-level languages. You’ll find plenty of code examples throughout the
book as well as three chapters dedicated to building MMEE
In The Rust Programming Language, two members of
complete projects designed to test your learning: a
the Rust Core Team will show you how to take full II
number guessing game, a Rust implementation of a
advantage of Rust’s features—from installation to NNRR
command line tool, and a multithreaded server.
creating your own robust and scalable programs.
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You’ll begin with the basics, like creating functions, ABOUT THE AUTHORS
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choosing data types, and binding variables. Then Steve Klabnik leads the Rust documentation team and is
you’ll move on to more advanced concepts, such as: LL
one of Rust’s core developers. A frequent speaker and
• Ownership and borrowing, lifetimes, and traits prolific open source contributor, he previously worked AASS
on projects such as Ruby and Ruby on Rails. Klabnik NN
• Using Rust’s memory safety guarantees to build fast, works at Mozilla. TT
safe programs GG
Carol Nichols is a member of the Rust Core Team and
• Testing, error handling, and effective refactoring
co-founder of Integer 32, LLC, the world’s first Rust- UU
• Generics, smart pointers, multithreading, trait objects, focused software consultancy. Nichols organizes the
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and advanced pattern matching Rust Belt Rust Conference.
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www.nostarch.com $39.95 ($53.95 CDN) HNB
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LANGUAGES/RUSTSHELVE IN: PROGRAM S K
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The RusT PRogRamming Language

T h e R u sT
PRo gRa m m i n g
L a n g u a g e
by Steve Klabnik and Carol Nichols,
with contributions from
the Rust Community
San Francisco
The RusT PRogRamming Language. Copyright © 2018 by Mozilla Corporation and
the Rust Project Developers.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.
ISBN-10: 1-59327-828-4
ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-828-1
Publisher: William Pollock
Production Editor: Janelle Ludowise
Cover Illustration: Karen Rustad Tölva
Interior Design: Octopod Studios
Developmental Editor: Liz Chadwick
Technical Reviewers: Eduard-Mihai “eddyb” Burtescu and Alex Crichton
Copyeditor: Anne Marie Walker
Compositors: Meg Sneeringer and Janelle Ludowise
Proofreader: Paula L. Fleming
For information on distribution, translations, or bulk sales, please contact No Starch Press, Inc. directly:
No Starch Press, Inc.
245 8th Street, San Francisco, CA 94103
phone: [phone]; [e-mail]
www.nostarch.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Klabnik, Steve, author. | Nichols, Carol, 1983- eauthor.
Title: The Rust programming language / by Steve Klabnik and Carol Nichols ;
with contributions from the Rust Community.
Description: San Francisco : No Starch Press, Inc., 2018. | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018014097 (print) | LCCN 2018019844 (ebook) | ISBN
9781593278519 (epub) | ISBN 1593278519 (epub) | ISBN 9781593278281
(paperback) | ISBN 1593278284 (paperback)
Subjects: LCSH: Rust (Computer programming language) | BISAC: COMPUTERS /
Programming / Open Source. | COMPUTERS / Programming Languages / General.
| COMPUTERS / Programming / General.
Classification: LCC QA76.73.R87 (ebook) | LCC QA76.73.R87 K53 2018 (print) |
DDC 005.13/3--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018014097
No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of No Starch Press, Inc. Other
product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Rather
than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are using the names only
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The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without warranty. While every precaution
has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the authors nor No Starch Press, Inc. shall have any
liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or
indirectly by the information contained in it.
About the Authors
Steve Klabnik leads the Rust documentation team and is one of Rust’s core
developers. A frequent speaker and a prolific open source contributor, he
previously worked on projects such as Ruby and Ruby on Rails. Klabnik
works at Mozilla.
Carol Nichols is a member of the Rust Core Team and co-founder of
Integer 32, LLC, the world’s first Rust-focused software consultancy.
Nichols organizes the Rust Belt Rust Conference.

Brief Contents
Foreword by Nicholas Matsakis and Aaron Turon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Chapter 1: Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2: Programming a Guessing Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chapter 3: Common Programming Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Chapter 4: Understanding Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Chapter 5: Using Structs to Structure Related Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Chapter 6: Enums and Pattern Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Chapter 7: Using Modules to Reuse and Organize Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Chapter 8: Common Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Chapter 9: Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Chapter 10: Generic Types, Traits, and Lifetimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Chapter 11: Writing Automated Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Chapter 12: An I/O Project: Building a Command Line Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Chapter 13: Functional Language Features: Iterators and Closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Chapter 14: More About Cargo and Crates .io . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Chapter 15: Smart Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Chapter 16: Fearless Concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Chapter 17: Object-Oriented Programming Features of Rust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Chapter 18: Patterns and Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Chapter 19: Advanced Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Chapter 20: Final Project: Building a Multithreaded Web Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Appendix A: Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Appendix B: Operators and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Appendix C: Derivable Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Appendix D: Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
viii Brief Contents