THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF REFUGEE NARRATIVES This Handbook presents a transnational and interdisciplinary study of refugee narratives, broadly defined. Interrogating who can be considered a refugee and what constitutes a narrative, the thirty-eight chapters included in this collection encompass a range of forcibly displaced subjects, a mix of geographical and historical contexts, and a variety of storytelling modalities. Analyzing novels, poetry, memoirs, comics, films, photography, music, social media, data, graffiti, letters, reports, eco-design, video games, arch- ival remnants, and ethnography, the individual chapters counter dominant representations of refugees as voiceless victims. Addressing key characteristics and thematics of refugee narratives, this Handbook examines how refugee cultural productions are shaped by and in turn shape socio-political landscapes. It will be of interest to researchers, teachers, students, and practitioners committed to engaging refugee narratives in the contemporary moment. Evyn Lê Espiritu Gandhi is an Assistant Professor of Asian American Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her writing has appeared in Critical Ethnic Studies, Amerasia Journal, Canadian Review of American Studies, MELUS, American Quarterly, and LIT: Literature, Interpretation, Theory. Her book, Archipelago of Resettlement: Vietnamese Refugee Settlers and Decolonization across Guam and Israel- Palestine, was published in 2022. Vinh Nguyen is an Associate Professor of Diasporic Literature at Renison University College, University of Waterloo. His writing can be found in Social Text, MELUS, ARIEL, Canadian Literature, Life Writing, Migration and Society, and Canadian Review of American Studies. He is co-editor of Refugee States: Critical Refugee Studies in Canada. Routledge Literature Handbooks Also available in this series: The Routledge Handbook to the Ghost Story Edited by Scott Brewster and Luke Thurston The Routledge Handbook of International Beat Literature Edited by A. Robert Lee The Routledge Handbook of Shakespeare and Global Appropriation Edited by Christy Desmet, Sujata Iyengar and Miriam Jacobson The Routledge Handbook of Shakespeare and Animals Edited by Karen Raber and Holly Dugan The Routledge Handbook of Literary Translingualism Edited by Steven G. Kellman and Natasha Lvovich The Routledge Handbook of Star Trek Edited by Leimar Garcia-Siino, Sabrina Mittermeier, and Stefan Rabitsch The Routledge Handbook of Shakespeare and Interface Edited by Clifford Werier and Paul Budra The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature Edited by Douglas A. Vakoch The Routledge Handbook of North American Indigenous Modernisms Edited by Kirby Brown, Stephen Ross and Alana Sayers The Routledge Handbook of Victorian Scandals in Literature and Culture Edited by Brenda Ayres and Sarah E. Maier The Routledge Handbook of Refugee Narratives Edited by Evyn Lê Espiritu Gandhi and Vinh Nguyen For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/Routledge- Literature-Handbooks/book-series/RLHB THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF REFUGEE NARRATIVES Edited by Evyn Lê Espiritu Gandhi and Vinh Nguyen Designed cover image: Mohamad Hafez, Baggage #2 First published 2023 by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 and by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Evyn Lê Espiritu Gandhi and Vinh Nguyen; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Evyn Lê Espiritu Gandhi and Vinh Nguyen to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-0-367-67476-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-67478-6 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-13145-8 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003131458 Typeset in Bembo by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd. Dedicated to the loving memory of our friend and colleague Y-Dang Troeung refugee, survivor, storyteller CONTENTS List of Figures xii List of Contributors xiii Acknowledgments xviii Introduction 1 Evyn Lê Espiritu Gandhi and Vinh Nguyen PART I Storytelling 13 1 Flights of Fancy: Imagination, Audacity, and Refugee Storytelling 15 Carrie Dawson 2 Theorizing Unsettlement: Refugee Narratives as Literary Ration Cards 26 B. Venkat Mani 3 Refugee Narratives and Humanitarian Form 39 Bishupal Limbu 4 Coming Undone: Displacement, Trauma, and the Crisis of (Narrative) Agency 50 Asha Varadharajan PART II Genres and Conventions 63 5 Refugee Noir 65 Sydney Van To vii Contents 6 Re-orienting the Gaze: Visualizing Refugees in Recent Film 77 Agnes Woolley 7 Song, Sound, and Refugee Affect in Life of a Flower and Song Lang 88 Lan Duong 8 Refugees to Worker-migrants: Transformations of Cross-Border Migration in Amitav Ghosh’s Novels 100 Asis De PART III Visuality and Visibility 113 9 “Through the Lens of a Refugee”: Disrupting Visual Narratives of Displacement 115 Anna Carastathis and Myrto Tsilimpounidi 10 Narrativizing Unarrival: Digital Autographics by Asylum Seekers in the Pacific 128 M. Eliatamby-O’Brien 11 If We Do Not Write Poetry, We Will Die: Afghan Diasporic Social Media Poetry for the Fall of Kabul 140 Zuzanna Olszewska 12 Connecting the Dots: Refugee Data Narratives 153 Roopika Risam PART IV Mediation and Positionality 165 13 Up Close and Personal: Mediated Testimony and Narrative Tropes in Refugee Comics 167 Nina Mickwitz 14 “I Am Myself”: Queer Refugee Narratives 179 Elif Sar ı 15 Applying RefugeeCrit to Recent Middle Grade/Young Adult Children’s Literature About Refugees 191 Julia Hope 16 Refugee Narrative Pedagogy: A Cultural Refugee Studies Approach 202 Erin Goheen Glanville viii Contents PART V Border-Crossing 215 17 Border-crossing, Identity, and Voice in Central American and U.S.-Central American Refugee Narratives 217 Regina Marie Mills 18 The Canadian Fugitive Slave Archive: Contesting the Refugee Narrative 228 Charmaine A. Nelson 19 To the Editor: Partition Refugee Relief and the Making of the “Pakistani Muslim Citizen” in Punjab 240 Aalene Mahum Aneeq 20 Iraq and the Work of the Frame 252 Angela Naimou PART VI Health and (Dis)Ability 265 21 The Biopoetics of Health: Caribbean Refugee Narratives 267 April Shemak 22 Refugee Race-ability: Bodies, Lands, Worlds 278 Y-Dang Troeung 23 “Many Hands Lighten the Load”: Health Lessons from San Diego during the Time of COVID-19 291 Christiane Assefa PART VII Care and Kinship 303 24 Affecting Appeals: Armenian Refugee Narratives in the Archives of Early Humanitarian Discourse 305 Veronika Zablotsky 25 Fearless Faces: Motherhood and Gendered Mobility of North Korean Refugees in Jero Yun’s Films 317 Eun Ah Cho 26 Queer Refugee Homemaking: Lesbian and Gay Refugees’ Oral Histories and Photovoice Narratives of Home 328 Katherine Fobear ix