The Routledge Handbook of Linguistic Reference PDF
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THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF LINGUISTIC REFERENCE This Handbook offers students and more advanced readers a valuable resource for understanding lin- guistic reference; the relation between an expression (word, phrase, sentence) and what that expression is about. The volume’s forty- one original chapters, written by many of today’s leading philosophers of language, are organized into ten parts: I Early Descriptive Theories II Causal Theories of Reference III Causal Theories and Cognitive Significance IV Alternate Theories V Two- Dimensional Semantics VI Natural Kind Terms and Rigidity VII The Empty Case VIII Singular (De Re) Thoughts IX Indexicals X Epistemology of Reference Contributions consider what kinds of expressions actually refer (names, general terms, indexicals, empty terms, sentences), what referring expressions refer to, what makes an expression refer to what- ever it does, connections between meaning and reference, and how we know facts about reference. Many contributions also develop connections between linguistic reference and issues in metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science. Stephen Biggs is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Iowa State University. He researches and teaches in philosophy of mind and language, epistemology, and cognitive science. Heimir Geirsson is Professor and Chair of the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies at Iowa State University. He works primarily in philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, epis- temology, and metaethics, and is the author of Philosophy of Language and Webs of Information (2013). ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOKS IN PHILOSOPHY Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy are state-o f- the- art surveys of emerging, newly refreshed, and important fields in philosophy, providing accessible yet thorough assessments of key problems, themes, thinkers, and recent developments in research. All chapters for each volume are specially commissioned, and written by leading scholars in the field. Carefully edited and organized, Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy provide indispensable refer- ence tools for students and researchers seeking a comprehensive overview of new and exciting topics in philosophy. They are also valuable teaching resources as accompaniments to textbooks, anthologies, and research- orientated publications. Also available: The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology of Agency Edited by Christopher Erhard and Tobias Keiling The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Philosophy of Science Edited by Sharon Crasnow and Kristen Intemann The Routledge Handbook of Linguistic Reference Edited by Stephen Biggs and Heimir Geirsson The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization Edited by Maria Kronfeldner The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought Edited by Gary Chartier and Chad Van Schoelandt The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Engineering Edited by Diane P. Michelfelder and Neelke Doorn For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ Routledge- Handbooks- in- Philosophy/ book- series/ RHP THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF LINGUISTIC REFERENCE Edited by Stephen Biggs and Heimir Geirsson First published 2021 by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 Taylor & Francis The right of Stephen Biggs and Heimir Geirsson to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data A catalog record for this title has been requested ISBN: 978-0 - 367- 62972- 4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1 - 003- 11189- 4 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Newgen Publishing UK CONTENTS Notes on Contributors ix Introduction 1 Stephen Biggs and Heimir Geirsson PART I Early Descriptive Theories 15 1 The Concept of Linguistic Reference before Frege 17 Michael Losonsky 2 Frege on Reference 30 Rachel Boddy and Robert May 3 Fregean Descriptivism 41 Ian H. Dunbar and Stephen K. McLeod 4 The Referential- Attributive Distinction 53 Anne Bezuidenhout PART II Causal Theories of Reference 71 5 The Case(s) against Descriptivism 73 Michael Nelson 6 Fruits of the Causal Theory of Reference 82 Scott Soames v Contents 7 The Problem of Reference Change 94 Harold Noonan PART III Causal Theories and Cognitive Significance 105 8 Cognitive Significance 107 Aidan Gray 9 Conversational Implicature in Belief Reports 123 Jonathan Berg 10 Context Sensitivity and ‘Believes’ 132 Mark Richard 11 A Return to Simple Sentences 145 David Pitt 12 Eliciting and Conveying Information 153 Heimir Geirsson PART IV Alternate Theories 167 13 Causal Descriptivism 169 Olga Poller 14 Reference- Fixing and Presuppositions 179 Manuel García- Carpintero 15 Names as Predicates 198 Sarah Sawyer 16 Variabilism 212 Anders J. Schoubye PART V Two- Dimensional Semantics 225 17 Two- Dimensional Semantics 227 Frank Jackson 18 Two- Dimensional Semantics and Identity Statements 237 Kai- Yee Wong vi Contents 19 Two- Dimensionalism and the Foundation of Linguistic Analysis 257 Andrew Melnyk 20 A Puzzle about Assertion 268 Gregory Bochner PART VI Natural Kind Terms and Rigidity 281 21 Rigidity of General Terms 283 Genoveva Martí and José Martínez- Fernández 22 The Psychology of Natural Kind Terms 295 Emily Foster- Hanson and Marjorie Rhodes 23 Pervasive Externalism 309 Stephen Biggs and Ranpal Dosanjh 24 Theoretical Identities as Necessary and a priori 324 Joseph LaPorte 25 The Need for Descriptivism 335 Sören Häggqvist and Åsa Wikforss 26 The Accommodation Theory of Reference 345 Richard Boyd 27 Science, the Vernacular and the ‘Qua’ Problem 359 Robin Findlay Hendry PART VII The Empty Case 371 28 Mill and the Missing Referents 373 David Braun 29 Fregean Theories of Names from Fiction 384 Ben Caplan PART VIII Singular (De Re) Thoughts 397 30 Reference and Singular Thought 399 François Recanati vii Contents 31 Singular Thoughts, Sentences and Propositions of That Which Does Not Exist 409 Jody Azzouni 32 Names and Singular Thought 421 Rachel Goodman PART IX Indexicals 437 33 How Demonstratives and Indexicals Really Work 439 Stephen Neale and Stephen Schiffer 34 Demonstrative Reference to the Unreal: The Case of Hallucinations 449 Marga Reimer 35 What is Special about De Se Attitudes? 464 Stephan Torre and Clas Weber 36 De Se Attitudes and Action 482 Dilip Ninan 37 Acting without Me: Corporate Agency and the First Person Perspective 499 Herman Cappelen and Josh Dever 38 Semantic Monsters 515 Brian Rabern PART X Epistemology of Reference 533 39 Cross- Cultural Semantics at 15 535 Edouard Machery 40 Reference and Intuitions 551 Daniel Cohnitz and Jussi Haukioja 41 The Myth of Quick and Easy Intuitions 560 John Bengson Index 577 viii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Jody Azzouni is Professor of Philosophy at Tufts University, USA. He is the author of Talking about Nothing: Numbers, Hallucinations, and Fictions (2010) and Semantic Perception: How the Illusion of a Common Language Arises and Persists (2013). John Bengson is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin- Madison, USA. He has published extensively on intuition, perception, understanding, and skill. He is co- editor of Knowing How: Essays on Knowledge, Mind, and Action (2012) and co-a uthor of Philosophical Methodology: From Data to Theory (forthcoming). Jonathan Berg is Professor in the Philosophy Department of the University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. His books include Direct Belief: An Essay on the Semantics, Pragmatics, and Metaphysics of Belief (2012) and Naming, Necessity, and More: Explorations in the Philosophical Work of Saul Kripke, Ed. (2014). His MOOC “Critical Thinking: Fundamentals of Good Reasoning” opened on edX in 2018. Anne Bezuidenhout is Professor of Philosophy and Linguistics at the University of South Carolina, USA. Her work is focused on pragmatic phenomena, such as presuppositions and conversational implicatures, which she studies using both formal and experimental methods. Her experimental work has looked at scalar implicatures and at the processing of parentheticals and non- restrictive relative clauses. Her formal work is focused on perspective- taking in conversation and the strategies interlocutors use to foreground and background information during conversational exchanges. Stephen Biggs is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Iowa State University, USA. He researches and teaches in philosophy of mind and language, epistemology, and cognitive science. Gregory Bochner is a Marie Skłodowska- Curie Fellow at the Institut Jean Nicod, Paris, France (Département d’études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL University, UMR 8129). He has published on topics in the philosophy of language and mind, and especially on theories of reference and internalism- externalism controversies about content. Rachel Boddy is a lecturer for the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies at Utrecht University, Netherlands. Her main research interests are in the history and philosophy of logic, espe- cially Gottlob Frege’s work. ix
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