The Routledge Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics

399 Pages·2016·4.77 MB·English

by  A. Mehdi Riazi

The Routledge Encyclopedia
of Research Methods in
Applied Linguistics
The Routledge Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics provides accessible
and concise explanations of key concepts and terms related to research methods in applied
linguistics. Encompassing the three research paradigms of quantitative, qualitative, and
mixed methods, this volume is an essential reference for any student or researcher working in
this area.
This volume provides:
• A–Z coverage of 570 key methodological terms
• detailed analysis of each entry that includes an explanation of the head word, a visual
illustration, cross-references, and further references for readers
• an index of core concepts for quick reference.
Comprehensively covering research method terminology used across all strands of applied
linguistics, this encyclopedia is a must-have reference for the applied linguistics community.
A. Mehdi Riazi is associate professor in the Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University.
His areas of interest include research methodology, second-language writing, language learn-
ing strategies, and test validation.
Editorial Advisory Board:
Keith Richards, Warwick University, UK
Steven Ross, University of Maryland, US
“This book is an invaluable resource for applied linguistics researchers, beginning and experi-
enced alike. The book, further, is an extraordinary achievement for a single author, revealing
Riazi’s strong command and understanding of issues relating to applied linguistics research.
I will most certainly be recommending it to my students.”
Brian Paltridge, University of Sydney, Australia
“The Routledge Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics is an important
resource for researchers in this feld of study. It provides an up-to-date and comprehensive ref-
erence guide to core constructs and covers key concepts in quantitative, qualitative and mixed-
method approaches. This volume will serve as a useful tool for both novice and experienced
researchers in applied linguistics and related subject areas.”
Jane Jackson, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
The Routledge
Encyclopedia of Research
Methods in Applied
Linguistics
Quantitative, qualitative, and
mixed-methods research
A. Mehdi Riazi
First published 2016
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2016 A. Mehdi Riazi
The right of A. Mehdi Riazi to be identifed as author of this work has been asserted by him in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form
or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Riazi, A. Mehdi, author.
The Routledge Encyclopedia of research methods in applied linguistics : quantitative,
qualitative, and mixed-methods research / A. Mehdi Riazi.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Language and languages––Study and teaching––Research––Methodology––
Encyclopedias. 2. Second language acquisition––Research––Methodology––Encyclopedias.
3. Applied linguistics––Research––Methodology––Encyclopedias. I. Title.
P53.755.R79 2016
418.007––dc23
2015025105
ISBN: 978-0-415-81627-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-65676-2 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
To my wife, Mahvash, who has been a sincere companion for me all through my life!
To my sons, Ali, Amin, and Hamed, and to all my teachers and students, past, present,
and future.
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Contents
List of fgures viii
List of tables x
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
List of abbreviations xiv
The encyclopedia 1–354
Further reading 355
Index 379
vii
Figures
A.1 A-B-A time-series design 2
A.2 Action research 5
B.1 Bar chart 18
C.1 Conceptualisation stage in the research process 45
C.2 Concurrent triangulation mixed-methods design 47
C.3 Confdence interval 48
C.4 Confrmatory research 50
D.1 Role of data in research 79
D.2 Deductive approach to research 84
D.3 Development purpose in mixed-methods research 92
E.1 Embedded (nested) mixed-methods research design 102
E.2 Role of evidence in making claims 110
E.3 Expansion purpose in mixed-methods research 112
E.4 Explanatory sequential mixed-methods design 115
E.5 Exploratory sequential mixed-methods designs 116
F.1 Fully integrated mixed-methods designs 125
H.1 Histogram with normal curve 133
I.1 An inductive approach to research 140
I.2 Inferential stage in the research process 144
I.3 Using inferential statistics to draw inferences about the target population 145
I.4 Initiation purpose in mixed-methods research 147
K.1 Different types of kurtic distributions 168
L.1 Levels of measurement 171
L.2 Line of best ft in linear regression 174
L.3 Line graph 175
L.4 Key questions when planning literature review 176
M.1 Meta-inference in mixed-methods research 185
M.2 Methodological stage in the research process 187
M.3 Sequential mixed-methods design with development purpose 191
M.4 Monostrand conversion mixed design 197
M.5 Multilevel mixed data analysis 198
N.1 An example of a negatively skewed distribution 211
N.2 Normal distribution 216
viii
Figures
O.1 The process of operationalisation 221
P.1 Parallel mixed-methods designs 227
P.2 Partial correlation 232
P.3 An example of a path analysis diagram 234
P.4 An example of a pie chart 238
P.5 Population in quantitative research 241
P.6 An example of a positively skewed distribution 242
P.7 Graphical representation of a posttest-only design 244
P.8 Graphical representation of a pre(non)-experimental design 247
Q.1 Stages in qualitative data analysis 256
R.1 A graphical representation of a repeated measurement 272
S.1 An example of a scatterplot 287
S.2 Schematic diagram of the scientifc method 288
S.3 An example of a semantic differential scale 290
S.4 Another example of a semantic differential scale 290
S.5 An example of pattern of responses in a semantic differential scale 290
T.1 Thematic analysis 319
W.1 The role of warrant in an argument 349
ix