The Role of Psychological Reactance in Human–Computer Interaction PDF
Preview The Role of Psychological Reactance in Human–Computer Interaction
T-Labs Series in Telecommunication Services Patrick Ehrenbrink The Role of Psychological Reactance in Human–Computer Interaction T-Labs Series in Telecommunication Services Series Editors SebastianMöller,QualityandUsabilityLab,TechnischeUniversitätBerlin,Berlin, Germany Axel Küpper, Telekom Innovation Laboratories, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Alexander Raake, Audiovisual Technology Group, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10013 Patrick Ehrenbrink The Role of Psychological Reactance in – Human Computer Interaction 123 Patrick Ehrenbrink Werder(Havel), Brandenburg,Germany Zugl.: Berlin,Technische Universität,Diss.,2018 ISSN 2192-2810 ISSN 2192-2829 (electronic) T-Labs Series in Telecommunication Services ISBN978-3-030-30309-9 ISBN978-3-030-30310-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30310-5 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface This book is titled “The Role of Psychological Reactance in Human–Computer Interaction”. In order to appropriately investigate this topic, three main reseach questions were formulated. 1. Is Psychological Reactance Relevant for Human–Computer interaction? 2. How can State Reactance be Measured? 3. What Factors Influence State Reactance? Thebookisdividedintofiveparts.PartIcontainsthemotivationforthebook,as well as the state of the art chapter. Classical usability tests often rely on self-report measurements about the user’s judgment of an examined system and behavioral observations, often aimed at measuring performance and identifying usability problems. However, there are certaineffectsthatareespeciallyhardtodetectintheframeofaclassical usertest, namelypsychologicaleffectsthatmightaddressandtriggermechanismswhichare not usually known by usability and user experience experts. One of such effects is psychological reactance. This book examines the role of psychological reactance within the field of human–computer interaction. The book starts with a motivation chapter, explaining why psychological reac- tance might be of importance for human–computer interaction. It claims that the recent rise of intelligent and connected devices leads to situations in which users cannot fully understand the functionality of some technical devices or even get overwhelmed while using them. The associated reduction of control over the devicesmight trigger statereactancebecause statereactanceisamotivational state which results from a perceived loss offreedom of control. After the motivation, the state of the art in psychological reactance research is presented. Psychological reactance can be divided into two concepts. Trait reac- tance,whichisapersonalitytrait,andstatereactance,whichisamotivationalstate. The concept of state reactance is explained in further detail, including a set of potential moderators that might determine the strength of the reactance conse- quences. Also, means of measuring state and trait reactance are presented and v vi Preface discussed.Itisconcluded,thatthereisnoadequatemeasurementtechniqueforstate reactance, which could be used in the current work. Themaingoal ofPartIIistofindoutif psychological reactance isofrelevance to the field of human–computer interaction. A two-fold strategy was applied to gather data about psychological reactance in human–computer interaction. One strategywastoidentifyrelevantscientificliteratureviaaliteraturesearch.Theother strategy was running a survey among usability experts and ask them about their experiences with state reactance. The results of both strategies were analyzed in terms of what situations in human–computer interaction triggered state reactance, and what were the consequences. The literature search identified seven groups of situations where reactance in connection with Human–Computer Interfaces was investigated. The expert survey produced five groups of situations in which state reactance was triggered, all of these groups but “system errors” were covered by literature.Thereforeitwasdecidedtoconductanexperiment thatwasdedicatedto system errors and their implications for state reactance. Also, it was found that the evidence for trait reactance being of relevance for human–computer interaction is quite scarce. A Study involving a Smart Home System was conducted, which indicated that trait reactance can have an influence on how adaptive behavior of smart homes is perceived. Before state reactance could be investigated further, an adequate measurement technique had to be developed. The construction of the Reactance Scale for Human–Computer Interaction (RSHCI) is described in Part III. The development of the RSHCI involved collecting phrases from anonymous user comments on websites because these were deemed to be especially valid. Also, an online study was conducted to collect a large set of data for the factorial analysis. The factorial analysis involved a maximum-likelihood factor analysis approach, followed by a confirmatoryanalysis,usingstructuralequationmodeling.Itscriterionvaliditywas shown in a subsequent validation study. Part IV investigates the research question regarding the factors that influence psychological reactance. The part involves a closer examination of questions that areraisedfbyromPartII.Atfirst,thereportsbytheusabilityexperts,claimingthat system errors can cause state reactance was investigated with a laboratory experi- ment involving a smart TV system. The results show that system errors can cause statereactance,butthatappropriateexplanationofthecauseoftheerrorcanreduce this effect significantly. The next study investigated if and how the potential moderatorvariablesthathavebeendescribedinthestateoftheartsection,influence thecomponentsofstatereactanceanditseffectfortheusers’globaljudgmentofthe system. It was also shownthat state reactance canincreasethepredictionaccuracy of the global judgment of the system. Part V then discusses the general implications of the results presented in this book and concludes with an outline of open questions and future work. Werder (Havel), Germany Patrick Ehrenbrink Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (Germany) under Grant no. 01MG13001G Universal Home Control Interfaces @ Connected Usability (UHCI) and by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Germany), Software Campus program, Grant no. 1043569, SozialpsychologischeAspektevonSmartHomes(SPASH). The work that has been conducted to write this book would not have been possiblewithoutthemanypeoplewhohavesupportedmeoverthelastyears.First andforemost,Iwanttothankmysupervisorandfriend,SebastianMöller,whohas alwaysprovidedacademicguidanceandshowedendlesspatiencetowardmefinding mytopic.Also, thankyoutomyco-supervisors KhinThanWinandSergioLucia. The administrative team of the chair deserves also special thanks. Irene Hube-AchterwasthegreatenableratthechairandsolvedcountlessproblemsthatI encounteredduringtheyears.YasminHillebrennerwasalwaystheretohelpwhenI needed last minute vacation or advice and Tobias Hirsch could provide most gadgets that one would ever need for a Dissertation about HCI. Ialsowouldliketothankmycolleagues,formercolleagues,andfriendsatwork: StefanHillmann,BenjaminWeiss,MaijaPoikela,RahulSwaminathan,BabakNaderi, TimPolzehl,Jan-NiklasVoigt-Antons,BrittaHesse,NeslihanIskender,TanjaKojic, Thilo Michael, GabrielMittag, Falk Schiffner, Carola Trahms, StefanUhrig,Saman Zadtootaghaj,RafaelZequeira,BenjaminBähr,JustusBeyer,Klaus-PeterEngelbrecht, InaWechsung,LydiaKraus,FriedemannKöster,Marie-NeigeGarcia,DennisGuse, MarcHalbrügge,FlorianHinterleitner,TiloWestermannandmanymore.Ihavealways felt comfortable at the QU labs and without the lunch and coffee breaks and kicker sessions,Isurewouldhavemissedsomething. During theyearsIalso hadalot ofsupportfrom people who contributedtomy research either as student workers or study projects and theses. I would therefore like to thank Lea Soldo, Duy Phuong Bui, Fabienne Roche, George Göcksel, Xin Guang Gong, Seif Osman, Elvira Ibragimova, and Christian Krüger. vii viii Acknowledgements It was a long journey through many institutions for me to finally complete this book and I could always trust that my parents Marlies Ehrenbrink and Ludger Ehrenbrink, as well as my sister Elena Ehrenbrink would be there to support me. Thank you! My daughter Maja was born while I was still working on my dissertation. She was and will be the sunshine of my life and I am grateful for that. In the end, I wouldliketothankSabinePrezenski.YouandIhavebeenthroughupsanddowns oflifeandwork.Butnomatterhowtrickythesituationwas,youwerealwaysthere to lead the way. I would not be who I am today without you and your coaching. I am happily looking forward to spending my life with you! Contents Part I Theory 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 State of the Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1 Introduction to Psychological Reactance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 State Reactance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.1 Consequences of State Reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.2 The Intertwined Process Cognitive-Affective Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.3 Moderators of State Reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.4 State Reactance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3 Trait Reactance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.1 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3.2 Correlation with State Reactance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.4 Intermediate Discussion on Reactance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.1 State Reactance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.2 Trait Reactance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.5 Conclusion on Reactance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Part II Relevance of Psychological Reactance in Human–Computer Interaction 3 Is Psychological Reactance Relevant for Human–Computer Interaction? If Yes, in Which Context?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.1 Research Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.2 Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 ix
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