The role of photography in framing and creating personal narrative

192 Pages·2016·8.51 MB·English

Iowa State University Capstones, Teses and
Graduate Teses and Dissertations
Dissertations
2013
Te role of photography in framing and creating
personal narrative: An analysis of the 2012
presidential candidates
Brita Lynn Mennecke
Iowa State University
Follow this and additional works at: htps://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd
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Science Commons
Recommended Citation
Mennecke, Brita Lynn, "Te role of photography in framing and creating personal narrative: An analysis of the 2012 presidential
candidates" (2013). Graduate Teses and Dissertations. 13251.
htps://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13251
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The role of photography in framing and creating personal narrative: An analysis of the
2012 presidential candidates

by

Britta Lynn Mennecke

A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF FINE ARTS

Major: Graphic Design

Program of Study Committee:
Debra Satterfield, Major Professor
Sunghyun R. Kang
Dennis Chamberlin

Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
2013
Copyright © Britta Lynn Mennecke, 2013. All rights reserved
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES xiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiv
ABSTRACT xv
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
Introduction to Framing Theory and Grounded Theory 1
Framing Theory 4
Grounded Theory 11
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13
Introduction to Literature Review 13
Impression Management and the Media 13
Introduction to Impression Management 13
Dangers of “Snap” Judgments and Camera Angles 14
An Image, is An Image, is An Image 24
The Importance of Images and Photographic “Truth” 25
Politics: Brief Introduction to New Media 31
Semiology – The Study of Signs 33
Rhetorical Situations 38
Persuasive Messages: Central and Peripheral Routes 39
Emotion and Attitude Formation 42
Narrative 43
Telling a Good Story: Narrative and Narratology Defined 44
Considerations for Websites 50
Photography Malfunctions on Mitt Romney’s Website 54
Website Transitions After Election Day 55
CHAPTER 3. METHODS AND PROCEDURES 56
Introduction to Methods and Procedures 56
Methodology 57
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 64
Introduction to Results and Discussion 64
The Key is Personalized Narratives 65
Analysis of Narratives Using Specific Image Examples 73
Examples of Final Narrative Categories: Barack Obama 73
Examples of Final Narrative Categories: Mitt Romney 87
Comparing Homepages for Barack Obama and Mitt Romney 102
Analysis: Final Comments 109
iii
CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, LIMITATIONS, FUTURE WORK 114
Summary 114
Limitations 115
Future Work 116
APPENDIX A. Phases of New Media in Election Campaigns 117
APPENDIX B. Framing Information Path 118
APPENDIX C. Tips to Help Others 119
APPENDIX D. Chrome’s Incognito Browser Mode 120
APPENDIX E. Leaked President Elect Website 121
APPENDIX F. Folder Structure for Categorization 123
APPENDIX G. Examples of Categorization 125
BIBLIOGRAPHY 172
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1. President Barack Obama Weekly Address 8
Figure 2.1. Republican presidential candidate, 18
Figure 2.2. “Needless to say, however, none of the kids was more 18
Figure 2.3. Six basic emotions are displayed here in two people: (a) happy, 19
Figure 2.4. “Say cheese: A different angle shows Romney 20
Figure 2.5. An example created to showcase manipulation process 28
Figure 2.6. Original Image 28
Figure 2.7. Edited Image 28
Figure 2.8. Original Image 28
Figure 2.9. Edited Image 28
Figure 2.10. Comparison of original journalistic images on the left side 30
Figure 2.11. Pew Research “Internet Grows as News Campaign Source” 32
Figure 2.12. American Flag - Presidential Candidate Mitt Romney at Lakeland, Florida 35
Figure 2.13. American Flag - Presidential Candidate Barack Obama Immigration Page 35
Figure 2.14. American Flag - Presidential Candidate Barack Obama Entering Rally 36
Figure 2.15. American Flag - Presidential Candidate Mitt Romney Landing Page 36
Figure 2.16. The Pin Wars – Symbolic Symbols of Patriotism 37
Figure 2.17. Campaign information flow (Benoit and Benoit 2008) 40
Figure 2.18. Most Voters Feel Informed, 41
Figure 2.19. “Volunteers Across America” 47
Figure 2.20. “We Voted” 49
Figure 2.21. “Organizing Tip: Help Others Shine” 49
Figure 2.22. Landing Page - No Micro Location – Barack Obama 52
Figure 2.23. Landing Page - Micro Location – Iowa – Mitt Romney 52
Figure 2.24. Home Page - Micro Location – Iowa – Barack Obama 52
Figure 2.25. Home Page - Micro Location – Iowa – Mitt Romney 52
Figure 2.26. Ex. 1 - Home Page – Micro Location Image Swaps– Iowa – Mitt Romney 53
Figure 2.27. Ex. 1 - Home Page - Micro Location Image Swaps– Iowa – Mitt Romney 53
Figure 2.28. Ex. 2 - Home Page - Micro Location Image Swaps– Iowa – Mitt Romney 53
Figure 2.29. Ex. 2 - Home Page - Micro Location Image Swaps– Iowa – Mitt Romney 53
Figure 2.30. Micro Location – Iowa – Mitt Romney 53
Figure 2.31. Home Page - Micro Location – Pennsylvania 1 – Mitt Romney 53
Figure 2.32. Home Page - Micro Location – Pennsylvania 2 – Mitt Romney 54
Figure 4.1. Screen shot 2012-10-20 at 11.30.15 PM.jpg 74
Figure 4.2. Screen shot 2012-10-22 at 8.48.35 PM.jpg 74
Figure 4.3. Screenshot 2012-10-22 at 8.48.35 PM.jpg 74
Figure 4.4. Screen shot 2012-10-30 at 9.56.49 AM 75
Figure 4.5. Screen shot 2012-10-25 at 9.36.01 AM 75
Figure 4.6. Screen shot 2012-11-03 at 10.44.16 AM 75
Figure 4.7. Screen shot 2012-10-28 at 11.54.16 PM 75
Figure 4.8. Screen shot 2012-10-28 at 11.56.14 PM 76
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Figure 4.9. Screen shot 2012-10-16 at 10.16.38 PM.jpg 76
Figure 4.10. Screen shot 2012-10-27 at 10.28.43 PM.jpg 76
Figure 4.11. Screen shot 2012-10-13 at 11.26.11 PM.jpg 76
Figure 4.12. Screen shot 2012-11-08 at 12.22.44 AM.jpg 77
Figure 4.13. Screen shot 2012-11-06 at 1.10.50 PM.jpg 77
Figure 4.14. Screen shot 2012-11-01 at 1.08.00 PM.jpg 77
Figure 4.15. Screen shot 2012-11-02 at 12.51.00 AM.jpg 77
Figure 4.16. Screen shot 2012-11-03 at 10.43.37 AM.jpg 78
Figure 4.17. Screen shot 2012-11-04 at 12.03.14 AM.jpg 78
Figure 4.18. Screen shot 2012-11-04 at 11.56.31 PM.jpg 78
Figure 4.19. Screen shot 2012-10-08 at 10.15.06 AM.jpg 78
Figure 4.20. Screen shot 2012-10-27 at 12.07.23 AM.jpg 79
Figure 4.21. Screen shot 2012-10-25 at 10.50.36 PM 79
Figure 4.22. Screen shot 2012-10-25 at 10.50.16 PM 79
Figure 4.23. Screen shot 2012-11-04 at 12.01.52 AM.jpg 79
Figure 4.24. Screen shot 2012-11-04 at 12.03.12 AM.jpg 79
Figure 4.25. Screenshot 2012-10-30 at 9.58.09 AM.jpg 80
Figure 4.26. Screenshot 2012-11-06 at 1.11.52 PM.jpg 80
Figure 4.27. Screenshot 2012-11-04 at 11.56.16 PM.jpg 80
Figure 4.28. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 12.06.59 AM.jpg 80
Figure 4.29. Screenshot 2012-10-03 at 9.54.37 AM.jpg 81
Figure 4.30. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 12.07.17 AM.jpg 81
Figure 4.31. Screenshot 2012-10-25 at 9.36.58 AM.jpg 81
Figure 4.32. Screenshot 2012-10-30 at 9.58.27 AM.jpg 81
Figure 4.33. Screenshot 2012-10-30 at 9.57.59 AM.jpg 82
Figure 4.34. Screenshot 2012-10-20 at 12.08.45 PM.jpg 82
Figure 4.35. Screenshot 2012-10-30 at 9.58.05 AM.jpg 82
Figure 4.36. Screenshot 2012-10-25 at 9.36.42 AM.jpg 82
Figure 4.37. Screenshot 2012-10-03 at 9.55.46 AM.jpg 87
Figure 4.38. Screenshot 2012-10-08 at 10.33.34 PM.jpg 88
Figure 4.39. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.23.42 PM.jpg 88
Figure 4.40. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.22.29 PM.jpg 88
Figure 4.41. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.22.20 PM.jpg 88
Figure 4.42. Screenshot 2012-10-03 at 10.10.29 PM.jpg 89
Figure 4.43. Screenshot 2012-10-09 at 9.58.33 PM.jpg 89
Figure 4.44. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.22.39 PM.jpg 89
Figure 4.45. Screenshot 2012-11-04 at 11.59.03 PM.jpg 89
Figure 4.46. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 12.11.53 AM.jpg 89
Figure 4.47. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.23.35 PM.jpg 90
Figure 4.48. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.24.12 PM.jpg 90
Figure 4.49. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.23.57 PM.jpg 90
Figure 4.50. Screenshot 2012-10-31 at 1.22.08 PM.jpg 90
Figure 4.51. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 12.11.32 AM.jpg 91
Figure 4.52. Screenshot 2012-10-11 at 8.37.39 PM.jpg 91
Figure 4.53. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 12.11.55 AM.jpg 91
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Figure 4.54. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.22.57 PM.jpg 91
Figure 4.55. Screenshot 2012-11-02 at 11.30.57 AM.jpg 92
Figure 4.56. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 12.11.37 AM.jpg 92
Figure 4.57. Screenshot 2012-11-05 at 5.25.09 PM.jpg 92
Figure 4.58. Screenshot 2012-11-05 at 5.24.48 PM.jpg 92
Figure 4.59. Screenshot 2012-10-03 at 10.00.20 AM.jpg 93
Figure 4.60. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 12.12.27 AM 1.jpg 93
Figure 4.61. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.22.32 PM.jpg 93
Figure 4.62. Screenshot 2012-10-29 at 12.27.19 PM.jpg 93
Figure 4.63. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 12.11.35 AM.jpg 94
Figure 4.64. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.24.02 PM.jpg 94
Figure 4.65. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.22.51 PM.jpg 94
Figure 4.66. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 12.12.33 AM.jpg 94
Figure 4.67. Screenshot 2012-10-13 at 11.30.44 PM.jpg 95
Figure 4.68. Screenshot 2012-10-08 at 10.33.21 PM.jpg 95
Figure 4.69. Screenshot 2012-10-09 at 9.58.16 PM.jpg 95
Figure 4.70. Screenshot 2012-11-01 at 1.20.46 PM.jpg 95
Figure 4.71. Screenshot 2012-11-08 at 12.17.18 AM.jpg 96
Figure 4.72. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.22.20 PM.jpg 96
Figure 4.73. Screenshot 2012-10-21 at 10.12.38 AM 96
Figure 4.74. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 12.12.39 AM 96
Figure 4.75. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.22.45 PM.jpg 97
Figure 4.76. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 12.11.51 AM.jpg 97
Figure 4.77. Screenshot 2012-10-31 at 1.22.04 PM.jpg 97
Figure 4.78. Screenshot 2012-10-29 at 11.58.18 PM.jpg 97
Figure 4.79. Screenshot 2012-10-12 at 12.23.16 PM.jpg 97
Figure 4.80. Screenshot 2012-10-08 at 10.15.06 AM.jpg 102
Figure 4.81. Screenshot 2012-10-08 at 10.33.40 PM.jpg 102
Figure 4.82. Screenshot 2012-10-11 at 10.51.07 PM.jpg 102
Figure 4.83. Screenshot 2012-10-11 at 10.08.12 AM 102
Figure 4.84. Screenshot 2012-10-15 at 10.54.40 AM.jpg 103
Figure 4.85. Screenshot 2012-10-15 at 11.32.16 PM.jpg 103
Figure 4.86. Screenshot 2012-10-16 at 10.16.32 PM.jpg 103
Figure 4.87. Screenshot 2012-10-16 at 8.50.23 PM.jpg 103
Figure 4.88. Screenshot 2012-10-20 at 11.29.39 PM.jpg 103
Figure 4.89. Screenshot 2012-10-20 at 12.10.57 PM.jpg 104
Figure 4.90. Screenshot 2012-10-23 at 9.54.04 AM.jpg 104
Figure 4.91. Screenshot 2012-10-23 at 9.53.17 AM 104
Figure 4.92. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 10.27.31 PM.jpg 104
Figure 4.93. Screenshot 2012-10-27 at 10.30.25 PM 104
Figure 4.94. Screenshot 2012-11-02 at 11.31.29 AM.jpg 105
Figure 4.95. Screenshot 2012-11-02 at 11.30.59 AM.jpg 105
Figure 4.96. Screenshot 2012-11-03 at 10.43.37 AM.jpg 105
Figure 4.97. Screenshot 2012-11-03 at 10.42.59 AM.jpg 105
Figure 4.98. Screenshot 2012-11-04 at 12.01.09 AM.jpg 105
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Figure 4.99. Screenshot 2012-11-04 at 11.55.55 PM.jpg 106
Figure 4.100. Screenshot 2012-11-04 at 11.58.54 PM 106
Figure 4.101. Screenshot 2012-11-06 at 1.10.38 PM.jpg 106
Figure 4.102. Screenshot 2012-11-06 at 1.09.19 PM.jpg 106
Figure 4.103. Screenshot 2012-11-06 at 11.32.05 PM.jpg 106
Figure 4.104. Screenshot 2012-11-07 at 10.18.39 AM.jpg 107
Figure 4.105. Screenshot 2012-11-08 at 12.17.18 AM.jpg 107
Figure 4.106. Screenshot 2012-11-08 at 12.21.52 AM.jpg 107
Figure 4.107. Screenshot 2012-11-08 at 12.17.18 AM.jpg 107
Figure 4.108. Screenshot 2012-11-13 at 9.21.21 PM.jpg 108
Figure 4.109. Screenshot 2012-11-13 at 9.19.53 PM.jpg 108
Figure 5.1. Framework Message Path 118
Figure 5.2. “We Voted” 119
Figure 5.3. “Organizing Tip: Help Others Shine” 119
Figure 5.4. How to access Incognito Mode 120
Figure 5.5. Blank Incognito Mode prior to web address input 120
Figure 5.6. Home Page – President Elect accidental design release – 121
Figure 5.7. Final Landing Page after election – Mitt Romney 121
Figure 5.8. Screenshots of Leaked Pages for 122
Figure 5.9. Folder Structure, Showcase All Files, Mitt Romney and Barack Obama 123
Figure 5.10. Folder Structure, Barack Obama 123
Figure 5.11. Folder Structure, Barack Obama, Categories - Columns 123
Figure 5.12. Folder Structure, Mitt Romney 123
Figure 5.13. Folder Structure, Mitt Romney, Categories - Columns 124
Figure 5.14. Folder Structure, Barack Obama, Final 9 Categories - Columns 124
Figure 5.15. Folder Structure, Mitt Romney, Final 9 Categories - Columns 124
Figure 5.16. Barack Obama - Shot against the sky/Sunset Example 125
Figure 5.17. Barack Obama - Shot against the sky/Sunset Example 125
Figure 5.18. Barack Obama - Shot against the sky/Sunset Example 125
Figure 5.19. Mitt Romney - Shot against the sky/Sunset Example 125
Figure 5.20. Mitt Romney - Shot against the sky/Sunset Example 126
Figure 5.21. Mitt Romney - Shot against the sky/Sunset Example 126
Figure 5.22. Barack Obama – One Person Example 126
Figure 5.23. Barack Obama - One Person Example 126
Figure 5.24. Barack Obama - One Person Example 126
Figure 5.25. Barack Obama - One Person Example 127
Figure 5.26. Barack Obama - One Person Example 127
Figure 5.27. Mitt Romney - One Person Example 127
Figure 5.28. Mitt Romney - One Person Example 127
Figure 5.29. Mitt Romney - One Person Example 127
Figure 5.30. Mitt Romney - One Person Example 128
Figure 5.31. Barack Obama – Two or More People Example 128
Figure 5.32. Barack Obama – Two or More People Example 128
Figure 5.33. Barack Obama – Two or More People Example 128
Figure 5.34. Barack Obama – Two or More People Example 128
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Figure 5.35. Barack Obama – Two or More People Example 129
Figure 5.36. Barack Obama – Two or More People Example 129
Figure 5.37. Barack Obama – Two or More People Example 129
Figure 5.38. Barack Obama – Two or More People Example 129
Figure 5.39. Barack Obama – Sea of people/Crowd Shot Example 129
Figure 5.40. Barack Obama – Sea of people/Crowd Shot Example 130
Figure 5.41. Barack Obama – Sea of people/Crowd Shot Example 130
Figure 5.42. Barack Obama – Sea of people/Crowd Shot Example 130
Figure 5.43. Barack Obama – Sea of people/Crowd Shot Example 130
Figure 5.44. Mitt Romney – Sea of people/Crowd Shot Example 130
Figure 5.45. Mitt Romney – Sea of people/Crowd Shot Example 131
Figure 5.46. Mitt Romney – Sea of people/Crowd Shot Example 131
Figure 5.47. Mitt Romney– Sea of people/Crowd Shot Example 131
Figure 5.48. Barack Obama – Sea of people/Crowd Shot Example 131
Figure 5.49. Barack Obama – Hands in the Air Example 132
Figure 5.50. Barack Obama – Hands in the Air Example 132
Figure 5.51. Barack Obama – Hands in the Air Example 132
Figure 5.52. Barack Obama – Hands in the Air Example 132
Figure 5.53. Barack Obama – Hands in the Air Example 132
Figure 5.54. Mitt Romney – Hands in the Air Example 133
Figure 5.55. Barack Obama – Hands in the Air Example 133
Figure 5.56. Mitt Romney – Hands in the Air Example 133
Figure 5.57. Mitt Romney – Hands in the Air Example 133
Figure 5.58. Mitt Romney – Hands in the Air Example 133
Figure 5.59. Mitt Romney – Hands in the Air Example 134
Figure 5.60. Barack Obama – At a Distance from people/Stand Alone Example 134
Figure 5.61. Barack Obama – At a Distance from people/Stand Alone Example 134
Figure 5.62. Barack Obama – At a Distance from people/Stand Alone Example 134
Figure 5.63. Barack Obama – At a Distance from people/Stand Alone Example 134
Figure 5.64. Mitt Romney – At a Distance from people/Stand Alone Example 135
Figure 5.65. Mitt Romney – At a Distance from people/Stand Alone Example 135
Figure 5.66. Mitt Romney – At a Distance from people/Stand Alone Example 135
Figure 5.67. Barack Obama – At a Distance from people/Stand Alone Example 135
Figure 5.68. Barack Obama – In the People, Mingling Example 136
Figure 5.69. Barack Obama – In the People, Mingling Example 136
Figure 5.70. Barack Obama – In the People, Mingling Example 136
Figure 5.71. Barack Obama – In the People, Mingling Example 136
Figure 5.72. Barack Obama – In the People, Mingling Example 136
Figure 5.73. Mitt Romney – In the People, Mingling Example 137
Figure 5.74. Mitt Romney – In the People, Mingling Example 137
Figure 5.75. Mitt Romney – In the People, Mingling Example 137
Figure 5.76. Mitt Romney – In the People, Mingling Example 137
Figure 5.77. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 138
Figure 5.78. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 138
Figure 5.79. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 138
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Figure 5.80. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 138
Figure 5.81. Mitt Romney – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 138
Figure 5.82. Mitt Romney – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 139
Figure 5.83. Mitt Romney – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 139
Figure 5.84. Mitt Romney – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 139
Figure 5.85. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 139
Figure 5.86. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 139
Figure 5.87. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 140
Figure 5.88. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 140
Figure 5.89. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 140
Figure 5.90. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 140
Figure 5.91. Mitt Romney – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 140
Figure 5.92. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 141
Figure 5.93. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 141
Figure 5.94. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 141
Figure 5.95. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 141
Figure 5.96. Barack Obama – Image of Text and Some People_Text is the Focus 141
Figure 5.97. Barack Obama – Instagrammed Manipulated Images Example 142
Figure 5.98. Barack Obama – Instagrammed Manipulated Images Example 142
Figure 5.99. Barack Obama – Instagrammed Manipulated Images Example 142
Figure 5.100. Barack Obama – Instagrammed Manipulated Images Example 142
Figure 5.101. Barack Obama – Instagrammed Manipulated Images Example 143
Figure 5.102. Barack Obama – Instagrammed Manipulated Images Example 143
Figure 5.103. Barack Obama– on a stand - example 143
Figure 5.104. Barack Obama– on a stand - example 143
Figure 5.105. Barack Obama– on a stand - example 143
Figure 5.106. Barack Obama– on a stand - example 144
Figure 5.107. Barack Obama– on a stand - example 144
Figure 5.108. Barack Obama– on a stand - example 144
Figure 5.109. Barack Obama– on a stand - example 144
Figure 5.110. Barack Obama– on a stand - example 144
Figure 5.111. Mitt Romney– on a stand - example 145
Figure 5.112. Mitt Romney– on a stand – example 145
Figure 5.113. Mitt Romney– on a stand - example 145
Figure 5.114. Mitt Romney– on a stand - example 145
Figure 5.115. Mitt Romney– on a stand - example 145
Figure 5.116. Mitt Romney– on a stand - example 146
Figure 5.117. Barack Obama – Solomon Emotion - Example 146
Figure 5.118. Barack Obama – Solomon Emotion - Example 146
Figure 5.119. Mitt Romney – Solomon Emotion - Example 146
Figure 5.120. Mitt Romney – Solomon Emotion - Example 147
Figure 5.121. Barack Obama – Smiling - Example 147
Figure 5.122. Barack Obama – Smiling - Example 147
Figure 5.123. Mitt Romney – Smiling - Example 147
Figure 5.124. Mitt Romney – Smiling - Example 148