The Responsibility to Protect: Supplemental Volume: Research, Bibliography, Background (Responsibility to Protect)

427 Pages·2002·29.48 MB·English

by  Thomas G. Weiss

ICISS
T HE R E S P O N S I B I L I TY
TO P R O T E CT
RESEARCH, BIBLIOGRAPHY, BACKGROUND
DECEMBER 2001
SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME TO THE REPORT OF
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON INTERVENTION
AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY
II
Published by the
International Development Research Centre
PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G 3H9
http://www.idrc.ca
© International Development Research Centre 2001
National Library of Canada cataloguing in publication data
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty
The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background
Supplementary Volume to the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and
State Sovereignly
Issued by the International Development Research Centre.
ISBN 0-88936-963-1
1. Intervention (International law).
2. Sovereignty.
3. Security, international
4. United Nations. Security Council.
5. Humanitarian assistance.
I. International Development Research Centre (Canada)
II. Title.
JZ6368.I57 2001 327.1'7 C2001-980329-X
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Ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CO-CHAIRS'FOREWORD V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII
RESEARCHERS'PREFACE X
LIST OF ACRONYMS XII
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES XIV
PART I RESEARCH ESSAYS 1
Section A. ELEMENTS OF THE DEBATE 3
1. State Sovereignty 5
2. Intervention 15
3. Prevention 27
Section B. PAST HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTIONS 47
4. Interventions Before 1990 49
5. Interventions After the Cold War 79
Section C. MORALITY, LAW, OPERATIONS, AND POLITICS 127
6. Rights and Responsibilities 129
7. Legitimacy and Authority 155
8. Conduct and Capacity 177
9. Domestic and International Will 207
PART II BIBLIOGRAPHY 223
1. Humanitarian Intervention 227
2. Sovereignty and Intervention 235
3. Conflict Prevention 243
4. Ethical Aspects 249
5. Legal Aspects 257
6. Interest and Will 271
7. National and Regional Perspectives 277
8. Nonmilitary Interventions 291
9. Operational Aspects of Military Interventions 303
10. Military Interventions and Humanitarian Action 311
11. Post-Conflict Challenges 319
12. Country Cases 325
IV THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT: SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME
PART III BACKGROUND 337
1. About the Commission 341
2. About the Commissioners 345
3. Regional Roundtables and National Consultations 349
INDEX 399
V
COCHAIRS' FOREWORD
The Report of the Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty could not have
been produced in an intellectual vacuum. There is an enormous literature on the subject, in
many languages and going back many years, which the Commission had a responsibility
to take into account - and every reason to want to. In order to aid our own work, and as
a contribution to future scholarship, we asked our research team to prepare an annotated
list - necessarily selective, but as wide-ranging as possible - of the best writing on the
subject. The Bibliography thus produced, set out in Part II, is an important component of
the present volume.
Notwithstanding the wealth of existing literature, the Commission felt the need to generate
a good deal of additional research of its own, to fill gaps in that literature, to bring it up to date
and to draw together in a more manageable way information and ideas scattered through
many primary and secondary sources in many languages. Thus the Research Essays in Part I,
which constitute the bulk of this volume. Between them, the nine essays cover, in depth, the
full range of issues with which the Commission had to grapple. We were particularly
concerned to ensure that we had before us, as an input into our deliberations, a thoroughly
balanced analysis of all those issues, with all the major arguments and counter-
arguments fully laid out. To the extent that views or conclusions are expressed from time to
time in these essays - almost unavoidable in an exercise of this kind - they are, of course, those
of the researchers and not the Commission.
The primary authors of these essays in their final published form were Thomas G. Weiss
and Don Hubert, of the Commission's research team, to whom the Commission owes an
enormous debt of gratitude. Their writing was based, in turn, on substantial contributions
from over fifty other scholars and specialists, whose names are listed in the acknowledge-
ments which follow, who submitted either specially commissioned research papers, or who
made specifically requested contributions to the regional and national roundtables further
described below.
The Commission's Report - and in particular its central theme of "The Responsibility to
Protect" - goes in a number of ways beyond the discussion in the Research Essays collected
here. But those essays were very much the quarry from which the Report was mined. They
should also be seen as supplementing, and adding a great deal of detail (for example in its
descriptions of past interventions, both before and after 1990) to a Report which was delib-
erately limited in length to increase its chances of being read. The Commission very much
hopes that the Research Essays will in turn prove to be, for policy makers and commentators
of the future, a mine of detailed and useful information and analysis.
Access to high quality written research was a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for
the Commission to produce its report. Dealing with subject matter of this kind, involving
such sensitive and volatile policy issues, and with many different views evident in different
parts of the world, it was absolutely crucial for the Commission to hear directly from those
actually or potentially affected by interventions, or in a position to undertake them, or with
strong and well-considered views on the issues in question. So, as an integral part of our
work, we conducted a series of lengthy roundtable discussions in Beijing, Cairo, Geneva,
London, Maputo, New Delhi, New York, Ottawa, Paris, St Petersburg, Santiago and Washington.
The meetings involved representatives from governments and intergovernmental
organizations, from nongovernmental organizations and civil society, and from universities,
VI THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT: SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME
research institutes and think-tanks - in all, over 200 people. These roundtable meetings
proved to be a wonderfully rich source of information, ideas and diverse political perspec-
tives, and an excellent real world environment in which the Commission could test its own
ideas as they evolved. Summary accounts of each of the roundtable meetings, together with lists
of those who participated in them, are also included in Part III of this volume.
As much as we might hope otherwise, nothing is more likely than that the international
community will sooner or later again be confronted by events all too reminiscent of the
agonies of the last decade in the Great Lakes, the Balkans, Haiti, Somalia, Sierra Leone, East
Timor and elsewhere. Reacting to these situations in the ad hoc, and often ineffective or
counter-productive, way we have in the past is not good enough for interdependent global
neighbours in the twenty-first century. We have to do better.
The material gathered and described in this volume has played an important part in the
deliberations of the Commission, and we warmly thank all those involved in writing,
collecting or contributing to it. If the Report that has grown out of this material can help
bring about a more systematic, balanced and less ideological debate of the main issues by
the international community - and even more if it comes to provide an accepted framework
for dealing with these matters, as they arise in the future, in concrete and positive ways -
then our work will have been ground-breaking indeed.
GARETH EVANS
MOHAMED SAHNOUN
Co-Chairs
15 August 2001
VII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ICISS is indebted to the following scholars and specialists who have contributed to the
research essays and bibliography in this supplementary volume. While the two primary
authors, Thomas G. Weiss and Don Hubert, wrote and deserve full credit for the essays as
they finally appear, they received substantial written input from all those other contributors
listed, who between them brought an extraordinary store of knowledge and experience to
ICISS's deliberations.
PRIMARY AUTHORS
Thomas G. Weiss is Presidential Professor at The CUNY Graduate Center (The City
University of New York) and Director of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International
Studies, where he is also co-director of the United Nations Intellectual History Project, and
editor of Global Governance. Among other positions, he was a Research Professor at Brown
University's Watson Institute for International Studies, Executive Director of the
International Peace Academy, a member of the United Nations (UN) Secretariat, and a con-
sultant to several public and private agencies. He has written extensively on the UN and on
intervention, and his latest books include Military-Civilian Interactions: Intervening in
Humanitarian Crises (1999); Humanitarian Challenges and Intervention (2000); The United
Nations and Changing World Politics (2000); and Ahead of the Curve? UN Ideas and Gobal
Challenges (2001).
Don Hubert is a Senior Policy Advisor in the Peacebuilding and Human Security division
of the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, currently on leave.
He is also a Research Fellow at the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University.
He has a PhD in social and political science from the University of Cambridge and was a
Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University and
with the Humanitarianism and War Project at Brown University. He has also worked for the
Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board. He is author of The Landmine Ban: A Case Study
in Humanitarian Advocacy (2000) and co-editor of Human Security and the New Diplomacy:
Protecting People, Promoting Peace (2001).
OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
Howard Adelman Mwesiga Baregu
University of Toronto Southern African Regional Institute for
Policy Studies, Harare
Adonia Ayebare
Embassy of Uganda in Rwanda, Kigali Ken Berry
Canberra
Mohamed Ayoob
Michigan State University, East Lansing Chaloka Beyani
London School of Economics and Political
Dipankar Banerjee Science
Regional Centre for Strategic Studies,
Colombo Louis Bitencourt
Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, DC
Vladimir Baranovsky
University of St Petersburg
VIII THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT: SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME
Chen Luzhi Konstantin Khudoley
China Institute of International Studies, State University of St Petersburg
Beijing
Keith Krause
Simon Chesterman Graduate Institute for International Studies,
International Peace Academy, New York Geneva
Jarat Chopra Igor Leshukov
Brown University, Providence University of St Petersburg
Chester A. Crocker Jeremy Levitt
Georgetown University, Washington, DC DePaul University, Chicago
Dennis Driscoll Edward Luck
National University of Ireland, Gallway Columbia University, New York
Richard Falk S. Neil MacFarlane
Princeton University Oxford University
Fan Guoxiang Mark Malan
China Society for Human Rights Studies, Institute for Strategic Studies, Johannesburg
Beijing
William Maley
Christopher Greenwood Refugee Council of Australia, Sydney
London School of Economics and Political
Science Kenneth Menkhaus
Davidson College, Charlotte
Steven Haines
Oxford University Jennifer Milliken
Graduate Institute of International Studies,
Morton Halperin Geneva
US Institute of Peace, Washington, DC
Kevin Vedat Ozgercin
Tudor Hera The CUNY Graduate Center, New York
Department of Foreign Affairs
and International Trade, Ottawa David Petrasek
International Council on Human Rights
Peter Joshua Hoffman Policy, Geneva
The CUNY Graduate Center, New York
Veselin Popovski
Nicholas Howen University of Exeter
Consultant, London
Gwyn Prins
Ahmed Tawfic Khalil London School of Economics and Political
Egyptian Council for Foreign Affairs, Cairo Science
Zalmay Khalilzad Adam Roberts
RAND Corporation, Washington, DC Oxford University
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX
Severine Rugumamu Iran Ngoc Thach
Organization of African Unity, Addis Ababa Institute for International Relations, Hanoi
Eric Schwartz Carolin Thielking
Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, DC Oxford University
Omran El Shafei Chin Kin Wah
Egyptian Council for Foreign Affairs, Cairo Singapore Institute of International Affairs
Michael J. Smith Nicholas J. Wheeler
University of Virginia, Charlottesville University of Aberystwyth
Janice Gross Stein Yuan Jian
University of Toronto China Institute of International Studies,
Beijing
Matthias Stieffel
War-Torn Societies Project, Geneva
John Stremlau
University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg