The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Methods and Protocols PDF
Preview The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Methods and Protocols
Methods in Molecular Biology 1614 Sean E. Thatcher Editor The Renin- Angiotensin- Aldosterone System Methods and Protocols M M B ethods in olecular iology Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651 The Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone System Methods and Protocols Edited by Sean E. Thatcher Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Editor Sean E. Thatcher Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-7028-5 ISBN 978-1-4939-7030-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-7030-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017937363 © Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Humana Press imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media LLC The registered company address is: 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, U.S.A. Preface The purpose of this book is to provide scientists with detailed protocols that will help in measuring different components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This book also helps in the use of new methods to measure angiotensin peptides and to apply cutting-edge techniques to discern the influence of RAAS components on different aspects of mammalian disease. Each chapter provides an in-depth focus on each experimental tech- nique and gives the reader the best approach to examine how the RAAS might influence his/her own experimental outcomes. Lexington, KY, USA Sean E. Thatcher v Contents Preface.......................................................... v Contributors...................................................... ix 1 A Brief Introduction into the Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone System: New and Old Techniques ........................................ 1 Sean E. Thatcher 2 A Color Segmentation-Based Method to Quantify Atherosclerotic Lesion Compositions with Immunostaining .......................... 21 Congqing Wu, Alan Daugherty, and Hong Lu 3 Assessment of Protein Carbonylation and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP) Oxidation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) Using Immunoblotting Approaches .................... 31 Sofia Tsiropoulou and Rhian M. Touyz 4 Methods for Studying the Role of RAAS in the Modulation of Vascular Repair-Relevant Functions of Stem/Progenitor Cells.................... 47 Yagna P.R. Jarajapu 5 Use of a Fluorescent Substrate to Measure ACE2 Activity in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta .............................................. 61 Yu Wang, Lisa A. Cassis, and Sean E. Thatcher 6 Measuring Blood Pressure Using a Noninvasive Tail Cuff Method in Mice ... 69 Yu Wang, Sean E. Thatcher, and Lisa A. Cassis 7 Blood Pressure Monitoring Using Radio Telemetry Method in Mice........ 75 Yu Wang, Sean E. Thatcher, and Lisa A. Cassis 8 Characterization and Functional Phenotyping of Renal Immune Cells via Flow Cytometry ........................................ 87 Nathan P. Rudemiller and Steven D. Crowley 9 Assessment of the Renin–Angiotensin System in Cellular Organelle: New Arenas for Study in the Mitochondria ........................... 99 Bryan A. Wilson and Mark C. Chappell 10 Comprehensive Assessments of Energy Balance in Mice.................. 123 Justin L. Grobe 11 In Vitro Assays to Determine Smooth Muscle Cell Hypertrophy, Protein Content, and Fibrosis..................................... 147 Katherine J. Elliott and Satoru Eguchi 12 A New Mouse Model for Introduction of Aortic Aneurysm by Implantation of Deoxycorticosterone Acetate Pellets or Aldosterone Infusion in the Presence of High Salt ............................... 155 Shu Liu, Ming C. Gong, and Zhenheng Guo vii viii Contents 13 Fluorescence-Based Binding Assay for Screening Ligands of Angiotensin Receptors ........................................ 165 Maiia E. Bragina, Nikolaos Stergiopulos, and Rodrigo A. Fraga-Silva 14 A Primer to Angiotensin Peptide Isolation, Stability, and Analysis by Nano-Liquid Chromatography with Mass Detection.................. 175 Mariola Olkowicz, Stefan Chlopicki, and Ryszard T. Smolenski 15 Analysis of Angiotensin Metabolism in the Kidney Using Mass Spectrometry... 189 Nadja Grobe and Khalid M. Elased Erratum to ......................................................... E1 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Contributors Maiia E. Bragina • Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Lisa a. Cassis • Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Mark C. ChappELL • Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Scineces Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA stEfan ChLopiCki • Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland stEvEn D. CrowLEy • Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham VA and Duke University Medical Centers, Durham, NC, USA aLan DaughErty • Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA satoru EguChi • Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA khaLiD M. ELasED • Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA kathErinE J. ELLiott • Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA Ming C. gong • Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Justin L. groBE • Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, The Obesity Research and Education Initiative, François M . Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, The Fraternal Order of Eagles’ Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA naDJa groBE • Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA ZhEnhEng guo • Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Research and Development, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA yagna p.r. JaraJapu • Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA shu Liu • Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Research and Development, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA hong Lu • Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ix x Contributors MarioLa oLkowiCZ • Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland nathan p. ruDEMiLLEr • Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham VA and Duke University Medical Centers, Durham, NC, USA roDrigo a. fraga-siLva • Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland rysZarD t. sMoLEnski • Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland nikoLaos stErgiopuLos • Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland sEan E. thatChEr • Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA rhian M. touyZ • Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK sofia tsiropouLou • Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK yu wang • Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Bryan a. wiLson • McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Caroliina Chapel Hill, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Congqing wu • Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Chapter 1 A Brief Introduction into the Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone System: New and Old Techniques Sean E. Thatcher Abstract The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a complex system of enzymes, receptors, and pep- tides that help to control blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Techniques in studying the RAAS can be difficult due to such factors as peptide/enzyme stability and receptor localization. This paper gives a brief account of the different components of the RAAS and current methods in measuring each component. There is also a discussion of different methods in measuring stem and immune cells by flow cytometry, hypertension, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, energy balance, and other RAAS-activated phenotypes. While studies on the RAAS have been performed for over 100 years, new techniques have allowed scien- tists to come up with new insights into this system. These techniques are detailed in this Methods in Molecular Biology Series and give students new to studying the RAAS the proper controls and technical details needed to perform each procedure. Key words Angiotensin, Historical, RAAS, Techniques, Methods 1 Introduction The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an important endocrine system responsible for the control of blood pressure, sodium levels, and extracellular fluid homeostasis. Since the discov- ery of renin, by Tiegerstedt and Bergman in 1898, a tremendous amount of work has been published in understanding the RAAS and the involvement of this system in pathophysiology. There are numerous reviews on the RAAS, and this review will focus on com- ponents of the system and assays that are now typically used in the study of the RAAS. 1.1 Renin Renin was the first component to be measured by Tiegerstedt and Bergman when they injected kidney extracts into rabbits and noticed that this induced hypertension in their model [1]. Since this time, work on purification of renin (40 kilo-dalton (kDa)) and understand- ing the role of renin activity in plasma of different animal models has Sean E. Thatcher (ed.), The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1614, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-7030-8_1, © Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2017 1
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