The Relationship between Test Anxiety and Academic Performance at Addis Ababa University

135 Pages·2016·2.06 MB·English

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
INSTITUTE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY STUDIES

DERADICALIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLAM: A COUNTER
EXTREMISM MEASURE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE IGAD

BY

BERHANU TAYE

ADDIS ABABA
MAY, 2016
DERADICALIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLAM: A COUNTER
EXTREMISM MEASURE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE IGAD

BY
BERHANU TAYE

THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ADDIS
ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS OF
MASTERS DEGREE OF ARTS IN PEACE AND SECURITY STUDIES.

ADVISOR: AMR ABDALLA (Ph.D.)

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
INSTITUTE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY STUDIES

ADDIS ABABA
MAY, 2016
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
INSTITUTE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY STUDIES

DERADICALIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLAM: A COUNTER EXTREMISM
MEASURE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE IGAD

By: Berhanu Taye

Approval Sheet for Board of Examiners
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
DGC Chairperson Signature Date
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
Advisor Signature Date
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
Internal Examiner Signature Date
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
External Examiner Signature Date
ACRONYMS
AIAI- Al-Ittihad al-Islamiyyaa
AMYC- Ansar Muslim Youth Center
AQEA- al Qaeda in East Africa
ARS- Alliance to Resistance in Somalia
CEWARN- Conflict Early Warning Network
CVE- Countering Violent Extremism
ICPAT- The IGAD Capacity Building Program against Terrorism
IGAD- Inter-Governmental Authority on Development
ISIS- Islamic State in Iraq and Syria
ISSP- IGAD Security Sector Program
RJ - Restorative Justice
SSR- Security Sector Reform
SST- Security Sector Transformation
UMISOM- UN Mission in Somalia
UIC- Union of Islamic Courts
USD- Dollar (the legal currency of the United States of America)
VE- Violent Extremism
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The writer of this Thesis would like to extend heartfelt gratitude to his advisor Amr Abdalla (Ph.D.)
for the valuable comments, suggestions and encouragements generously given in due course of
preparing this Thesis.
The writer is highly indebted to Commander Abebe Muluneh, Director of the ISSP, for his tireless
assistance and support in all senses of the terms. The same goes to those delegates from IGAD
member countries who openhandedly provided necessary information/data for this research.
The writer would also like to warmly thank all his key informants, friends, instructors, IPSS and
IPSS staff who have been there for him whenever the need for their assistance requested during
the research work.
ABSTRACT
Individuals or groups pass through radicalization then violent extremism stages before they
become terrorists. Islamic extremism/radicalism is a political ideology employed for non-religious
ends. The research aimed at identifying counterterrorism mechanisms and ways of incorporating
deradicalization in the IGAD framework. Data were collected from Key Informants and documents.
Through thematic, content and comparative analyses, the finding showed that IGAD and its
member States hardly adopt deradicalization but for Sudan. The ISSP is to launch a Center of
Excellence for CVE to counter extremism and facilitate inter/intra faith dialogues. Background-
factors leading to radicalization are perceived/real grievances resulted from social, economic,
political, historical and personal experiences. Principles of AfSol, Human Development Theory
and RJ would be appropriate approaches to counter radicalization and its factors.
Deradicalization will dry out human, material, financial and moral resources of terrorism thereby
weakening terrorism from its nucleus. Local mechanisms at grassroots-level would effectively
address radicalization and its threats by fighting the Islamic extremist ideologies. Governments
must cooperate their efforts, and share experiences and resources using the IGAD platform.
Human rights and legitimate questions must get due attention. Islam must own deradicalization
processes, and provide institutional and conceptual tools for countering extremism and terrorism
committed under its name.
Key Words
Deradicalization, CVE, Islamic extremism, IGAD, ISSP, Radicalization
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................... ......iii
CHAPTER ONE.........................................................................................................................................1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY...........................................................................................................1
1.1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1
1.2. MEANING OF DE-RADICALIZATION...................................................................................3
1.3. CAUSES OF ISLAMIC RADICALISM.....................................................................................3
1.4. SUBJECT MATTER OF DERADICALIZATION....................................................................4
1.5. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM...........................................................................................4
1.6. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY..................................................................................................5
1.6.1. General Objective..............................................................................................................5
1.6.2. Specific Objectives.............................................................................................................5
1.7. RESEARCH QUESTIONS............................................................................................................5
1.8. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY..............................................................................................5
1.9. STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY...................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................7
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY/METHODS..........................................................................................7
2.1. RESEARCH DESIGN..........................................................................................................................7
2.1.1. Literature Review and Content Analysis...................................................................................7
2.1.2. Case Study...................................................................................................................................8
2.1.3. In-depth Interview......................................................................................................................8
2.1.4. Sampling Techniques and Sample Size....................................................................................9
2.2. DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION....................................................................................10
2.3. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................10
2.4. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS.......................................................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................12
DEFINITIONS, LITERATURE REVIEW, AND THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK..........................................................................................................................................12
3.1. MEANINGS AND CONCEPTS OF TERMS..................................................................................12
3.1.1. The Concept of Jihad................................................................................................................12
3.1.2. Counter Violent Extremism (CVE).........................................................................................13
3.1.3. Violent Extremism Vs Radicalization.....................................................................................15
3.1.4. Radicalization: Definitions Given by some Governments.....................................................17
3.1.5. Conceptualizing Radicalization...............................................................................................18
3.1.6. Disengagement vs Deradicalization.......................................................................................19
3.2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF RADICALISM.................................................................20
3.2.1. The Israel-Palestine Factor.....................................................................................................22
3.2.2. Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt..............................................................................................22
3.2.3. The Iranian Revolution.........................................................................................................23
3.2.4. Algeria’s Islamist Movements.................................................................................................23
3.2.5. The Role of Saudi Arabia’s Wahhabism Doctrine...............................................................24
3.3. INTELLECTUAL FATHERS OF ISLAMIC RADICALISM.......................................................25
3.4. INTERNAL POWER RELATION IN JIHADI GROUPS .............................................................32
3.5. FROM RADICALIZATION TO VIOLENT EXTREMISM.........................................................32
3.5.1. Theoretical Discussions on Radicalism/Extremism............................................................32
3.5.2. Empirical Studies on the Causes of Radicalization.............................................................40
3.5.3. Religiosity Vs Radicalism......................................................................................................44
3.5.4. Marginalization/Deprivation vs Radicalism........................................................................45
3.5.5. Radicalism in Islam and Anti-Americanism?......................................................................46
3.5.6. Are Islamists anti-Western Civilization?.............................................................................50
3.6. CHAPTER SUMMARY AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK................................................56
3.6.1. Major Concepts......................................................................................................................52
3.6.2. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework.............................................................................55
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................................57
ISLAMIC EXTREMISM AND CVE IN THE IGAD REGION: NATURE, CAUSES, EFFECTS
AND MEASURES TAKEN.......................................................................................................................57
4.1. IGAD and ISSP: Mandate, and Structure .......................................................................................57
4.2. Counter Terrorism and Counter Extremism in the IGAD.............................................................58
4.3.1. Nature and Area of Influence of Terrorists/Extremists.....................................................60
4.3.2. Region-wide Threat: Al-Shabab...........................................................................................61
4.4. Common Issues Relating to Deradicalization Attempts in IGAD Region...........................62
4.4.1. Conceptual problems.............................................................................................................62
4.4.2. Religion vs Real and Perceived Attacks against It.............................................................63
4.4.3. Border and System Related Problems.................................................................................64
4.4.4. Rivalry in the Region.............................................................................................................64
4.5. Country Specific Cases in the IGAD.................................................................................................65
4.5.1. Somalia....................................................................................................................................65
4.5.2. Ethiopia...................................................................................................................................72
4.5.3. Sudan.......................................................................................................................................75
4.5.4. Djibouti...................................................................................................................................76
4.5.5. Uganda....................................................................................................................................77
4.5.6. Tanzania.................................................................................................................................77
4.5.7. Kenya......................................................................................................................................78
4.6. Impact of Radicalization on Livelihoods..........................................................................................80
4.7. Factors Affecting Countering Terrorism and Violent Extremism in the IGAD..........................84
4.7.1. Contextual Constraints…………………………………………………………………….84
4.7.2. Domestic Constraints……………………………………………………………………....84
4.7.3. Multilateral Constraints........................................................................................................85
4.7.4. Countries Supporting Terrorist Groups and Extremism..................................................85
4.7.5. Support from International Terrorists and Arab Countries.............................................86
4.7.6. Corruption..............................................................................................................................86
4.8. Reforming Radicals and the Roles of Islam in the IGAD Region..................................................87
4.9. Chapter Summary and Conclusions.................................................................................................88
CHAPTER FIVE........................................................................................................................................90
DERADICALIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLAM WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE
IGAD...........................................................................................................................................................90
5.1. Causes/Factors for Radicalization in the IGAD Region..................................................................90
5.2. Deradicalization in the Framework of IGAD...................................................................................92
5.2.1. Introducing Deradicalization into the IGAD......................................................................92
5.2.2. Tools for Deradicalization.....................................................................................................93
5.3. Reforming Radicals in the IGAD Region: Policy Considerations for Deradicalization..............94
5.3.1 SOFT/SMART MEASURE TO DEAL WITH RADICALIZATION................................96
5.3.2. When and How to opt for Deradicalization.........................................................................97
5.3.3. Human Development Approach...........................................................................................97
5.3.4. Restorative Justice ...............................................................................................................100
5.3.5. Roles AfSol and Gender Play..............................................................................................102
5.3.6. Islam in Deradicalization Efforts........................................................................................107
i. Role of Islam: lessons to learn............................................................................................107
ii. Ownership of the Process..................................................................................................109
5.3.7. Additional Measures............................................................................................................109
CHAPTER SIX........................................................................................................................................111
CONCLUSIONS AND WAY FORWARD............................................................................................111
REFRENCES...........................................................................................................................................115
LIST OF KEY INFORMANTS..................................................................................................119
Annex-1.....................................................................................................................................................121
Annex-2.....................................................................................................................................................123