The Reign of Tudhaliya II and Suppiluliuma I: The Contribution of the Hittite Documentation to a Reconstruction of the Armana Age

257 Pages·2015·2.904 MB·English

by  Boaz Stavi

boaz stavi
ii
The Reign of Tudhaliya
˘ i
and Suppiluliuma
The Contribution
of the Hittite Documentation
stavi to a Reconstruction
The Reign of Tudhaliya ii and Sˇuppiluliuma i stavi of the Amarna Age
THeth
n the mid-fourteenth century bce, two kings ruled
31
in Hatti – Tudhaliya ii and Sˇuppiluliuma i. During
this period, Hatti was fraught with political turmoil
aT
and instability. It began with the destruction of Hat- nh
de
tusˇa, and ended with a glorious military campaign, S˘ R
in which a large part of Syria was conquered, and ue
pi
the foundation laid for a strong and prosperous king- pg
n
dom. Many studies have dealt with this epoch, since il
uo
Druckfarben it parallels the el-Amarna period, however, its Hittite lf
iu T
cyan aspect has been comparatively overlooked. That, u
m
d
magenta coupled with the discovery of several new sources for ah
gelb this period, provided the impetus for my research on ia
l
schwarz this era. This volume sets out to identify important iy
a
historical events that occurred during the protagon-
i
i
ists’ reign, to verify them and examine their details,
and then offers a synchronization of the Egyptian
and Hittite chronologies.
Universitätsverlag
winter
isbn 978-3-8253-6442-7 Heidelberg
texte der hethiter
Philologische und historische Studien
zur Altanatolistik
Begründet von
Annelies Kammenhuber†
Fortgeführt von
Gernot Wilhelm
Neu herausgegeben von
Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer
in Zusammenarbeit
mit Daisuke Yoshida
Herausgeberbeirat
Paola Cotticelli (Verona)
Suzanne Herbordt-von Wickede (Leipzig)
Stefano de Martino (Triest)
Walther Sallaberger (München)
Ahmet Ünal (München)
Heft 31

boaz stavi
The Reign
of Tudhaliya ii
ˇ
and Suppiluliuma i
The Contribution
of the Hittite Documentation
to a Reconstruction
of the Amarna Age
Universitätsverlag
winter
Heidelberg
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation
in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie;
detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet
über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
cover illustration
Drawings of the so called›Cruciform Seal‹,
which deals with the Hittite dynasty.
On the left, a restoration ofSide B (obv.),
and on the righta restoration ofSide A (rev.).
isbn 978-3-8253-6442-7
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Table of Contents

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................. XI
ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ XIII
CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPAL SOURCES .............................................................1
1.1 The Deeds of Šuppiluliuma (CTH 40) ......................................................1
1.1.1 Colophons, copies and series ............................................................1
1.1.2 Restoring the order of the fragments ................................................2
1.1.3 The beginning of Šuppiluliuma’s reign in the DŠ ............................3
1.2 The el-Amarna Archive ...........................................................................5
1.2.1 The Amarna pharaohs ......................................................................5
1.2.2 Chronology of the site and the archive .............................................7
1.2.2.1 ‘Time Frame I’: from the beginning of the archive until the
end of Amenhotep III’s reign ............................................................9
1.2.2.2 ‘Time Frame II’: from Amenhotep IV’s accession until the
conquest of Ṣumur by ‛Aziru .......................................................... 11
1.2.2.3 ‘Time Frame III’ and the ‘Late Amarna Subset’ (from ‛Aziru’s
visit in Egypt until the end of the archive) ...................................... 17
1.2.2.4 Conclusions: the archive’s timespan of activity and the
nature of the different Hittite campaigns ......................................... 22
CHAPTER 2 TUDHALIYA II ...................................................................... 25
2.1 The family of Tudhaliya II and Šuppiluliuma........................................ 25
2.2. The Concentric Attack ........................................................................... 28
2.2.1 Introduction: the reign of Tudhaliya I and Arnuwanda I ................ 28
2.2.1.1 The struggle between Egypt and Mittani in northern Syria......... 28
2.2.1.2 The struggle between Hatti and Mittani for control of
Kizzuwatna...................................................................................... 30
2.2.1.3 Tudhaliya I and Arnuwanda I in Syria ........................................ 35
2.2.1.4 The situation on other fronts during Arnuwanda I’s reign .......... 36
2.2.2 Sources related to Tudhaliya II’s reign .......................................... 38
2.2.2.1 Hattušili III’s decree for the ḫekur of Pirwa (CTH 88) ............... 38
2.2.2.2 The first tablets of The Deeds of Šuppiluliuma (CTH 40) ........... 43
VI The Reign of Tudhaliya II and Šuppiluliuma I
2.2.2.3 The Sunaššura treaty (CTH 41.1 and 41.2) ................................. 47
2.2.2.4 Šat. 1 (CTH 51.1)........................................................................ 48
2.2.2.5 The Annals of Muršili II (CTH 61) ............................................. 49
2.2.2.6 Indictment of Mita of Pahhuwa (CTH 146) ................................ 49
2.2.2.7 Prayer to the Sun-Goddess of Arinna concerning plague and
enemies (CTH 376.C) ..................................................................... 52
2.2.2.8 Muršili’s ‘First’ and ‘Fourth’ Plague Prayer (CTH 378.1
and CTH 378.4) ............................................................................... 54
2.2.2.9 A letter from Ortaköy/Šapinuwa ................................................. 55
2.2.2.10 EA 31 and 32 ............................................................................ 56
2.2.3 Discussion: the Concentric Attack ................................................. 60
2.2.3.1 The historical veracity of the event ............................................. 60
2.2.3.2 The extent of the attack ............................................................... 60
2.2.3.3 The date of the attack .................................................................. 64
2.3 Tudhaliya II’s counter-offensive (the Early Foray) ............................... 66
2.3.1 Analysis of the sources ................................................................... 66
2.3.1.1 Šat. 1 (CTH 51.1)........................................................................ 66
2.3.1.2 The treaty between Muwattalli II of Hatti and Alakšandu of
Wiluša (CTH 76) ............................................................................. 67
2.3.1.3 Hattušili III’s account of Šuppiluliuma’s campaigns (CTH
83.1.A) ............................................................................................ 68
2.3.1.4 KBo 22.54 (CTH 215) ................................................................ 68
2.3.1.5 ‘First’ Plague Prayer (CTH 378.1) .............................................. 68
2.3.1.6 ‘Fourth’ Plague Prayer (CTH 378.4) .......................................... 69
2.3.1.7 Kp 05/226 ................................................................................... 69
2.3.1.8 Amarna Letters ........................................................................... 70
2.3.2 Discussion: Tudhaliya II’s counter-offensive ................................. 73
2.3.2.1 When did the Hittite counter-offensive begin? ........................... 73
2.3.2.2 The extent of Tudhaliya II’s counter-offensive ........................... 76
CHAPTER 3 ŠUPPILULIUMA I’S CAMPAIGNS ...................................... 79
3.1 The numbering of Šuppiluliuma’s campaigns ....................................... 79
3.2 The ‘First Syrian War’ and its aftermath ............................................... 81
3.2.1 Analysis of the sources ................................................................... 81
3.2.1.1 Šat. 1 (CTH 51.1)........................................................................ 81
3.2.1.2 The DŠ (CTH 40) ....................................................................... 90
3.2.1.3 Šuppiluliuma’s letter and decrees concerning Ugarit (CTH
45–47) ............................................................................................. 94
3.2.1.4 The ‛Aziru treaty (CTH 49) ........................................................ 97
Table of contents VII
3.2.1.5 Treaty between Šuppiluliuma and Tette of Nuhašše (CTH 53) ... 98
3.2.1.6 The Aleppo treaty (CTH 75) ..................................................... 101
3.2.1.7 Hattušili III’s account of Šuppiluliuma’s campaigns (CTH
83.1.A.) ......................................................................................... 101
3.2.1.8 Letters from the el-Amarna archive .......................................... 104
3.2.2 Discussion .................................................................................... 106
3.2.2.1 The objectives of the First Syrian War ..................................... 106
3.2.2.2 The date of the First Syrian War ............................................... 107
3.2.2.3 The itinerary of the First Syrian War ........................................ 109
3.3 The situation in Syria in the immediate aftermath of the First
Syrian War ............................................................................................ 110
3.3.1 Texts from Qatna (Idanda’s archive) ............................................ 110
3.3.1.1 Summary of the letters .............................................................. 110
3.3.1.2. Discussion ................................................................................ 116
3.3.2 The Amarna letters: the Mittanian and Egyptian campaigns ........ 121
3.3.2.1 Summary of the events ............................................................. 121
3.3.2.2 The objectives of the two military operations ........................... 122
3.3.3 Summary: the First Syrian War and its aftermath ........................ 124
3.3.3.1 Summary of the events ............................................................. 124
3.3.3.2 Syrian kings who ruled during this period ................................ 126
3.3.3.3 Several notes about the domination of Syria ............................. 126
3.4 The intermediate period ....................................................................... 128
3.4.1 Analysis of the sources ................................................................. 128
3.4.1.1 ‘Floating’ fragments in the DŠ ................................................. 128
3.4.1.2 Fragments belonging to The Annals of Šuppiluliuma(?) ........... 135
3.4.1.3 The Hukkana treaty (CTH 42) .................................................. 136
3.4.1.4 Šuppiluliuma’s decree on Telipinu’s priesthood in
Kizzuwatna (CTH 44) ................................................................... 137
3.4.1.5 Treaties with western Anatolian rulers (CTH 67 and 76) .......... 137
3.4.1.6 Hattušili III’s account of Šuppiluliuma’s campaigns (CTH
83.2.A.) ......................................................................................... 138
3.4.2 Discussion .................................................................................... 138
3.5 The Second Syrian War ....................................................................... 139
3.5.1 Analysis of the sources ................................................................. 139
3.5.1.1 The DŠ (CTH 40) ..................................................................... 139
3.5.1.2 The ‛Aziru treaty (CTH 49) ...................................................... 156
3.5.1.3 Šat. 1 (CTH 51.1)...................................................................... 157
3.5.1.4 Šat. 2 (CTH 52)......................................................................... 158
VIII The Reign of Tudhaliya II and Šuppiluliuma I
3.5.1.5 Treaty between Šuppiluliuma and Tette of Nuhašše (CTH
53) ................................................................................................. 160
3.5.1.6 The Annals of Muršili II (CTH 61) ........................................... 160
3.5.1.7 Treaty between Muršili II and Duppi-Teššub of Amurru
(CTH 62) ....................................................................................... 161
3.5.1.8. Report on Šuppiluliuma’s and Muršili II’s campaigns
(CTH 84) ....................................................................................... 162
3.5.1.9 Muršili’s Plague Prayers (CTH 378 and 379) ........................... 163
3.5.1.10 KBo 8.38 ................................................................................. 164
3.5.1.11 The General’s letter (RS 20.33) .............................................. 164
3.5.1.12 Two letters from the correspondence with Egypt ................... 165
3.5.1.13 Letters from the el-Amarna archive (the Late Amarna
Subset)........................................................................................... 166
3.5.2 Discussion .................................................................................... 168
3.5.2.1 Summary of the different frontiers ............................................ 168
3.5.2.2 The course of the Second Syrian War ....................................... 173
3.5.2.3 The goals of the Second Syrian War ......................................... 177
3.5.2.4 The date of the Second Syrian War and Šuppiluliuma’s
reign .............................................................................................. 178
REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 183
APPENDIX 1 REORDERING OF THE FIRST TABLETS OF THE DŠ .... 205
APPENDIX 2 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES ............................................. 207
INDEX ................................................................................................ 221

Maps
Map 1: The Ancient Near East during the Amarna Period IX
Map 2: Syria during the Amarna Period X
Map 3: The Hittite withdrawal 205
Map 4: Hatti’s expansion during Tudhaliya II’s reign 206

Chronological tables
Table 1: The events during the last years of Tudhaliya II 207
Table 2: Major events in the last nine years of Amenhotep 210
III’s reign
Table 3: The political situation in Syria before and after the 212
First Syrian War
Table of contents IX
Table 4: The Second Syrian War based on the Amarna letters 214
Table 5: The Second Syrian War based on the Seventh Tablet 175
of the DŠ

Map 1: The Ancient Near East during the Amarna Period