The Regulatory State in an Age of Governance: Soft Words and Big Sticks PDF
Preview The Regulatory State in an Age of Governance: Soft Words and Big Sticks
The Regulatory State in an Age of Governance AlsobyRogerKing THESTATE,DEMOCRACYANDGLOBALIZATION(withG.Kendall) THEUNIVERSITYINTHEGLOBALAGE THESTATEINMODERNSOCIETY CAPITALANDPOLITICS THEMIDDLECLASS(withJ.Raynor) RESPECTABLEREBELS(withN.Nugent) The Regulatory State in an Age of Governance Soft Words and Big Sticks Roger King CentreforHigherEducationResearchandInformation TheOpenUniversity,UK ©RogerKing2007 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, 90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentified astheauthorofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2007by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XSand 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10010 Companiesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld PALGRAVEMACMILLANistheglobalacademicimprintofthePalgrave MacmillandivisionofSt.Martin’sPress,LLCandofPalgraveMacmillanLtd. Macmillan(cid:2)isaregisteredtrademarkintheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom andothercountries.PalgraveisaregisteredtrademarkintheEuropean Unionandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-35254-8 ISBN 978-0-230-59172-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230591721 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 To Charlie and Patrick This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgements viii Preface ix Part I Analysing the Regulatory State 1 RegulationasaModeofGovernance 3 2 TheDevelopmentoftheRegulatoryStateintheUK 34 3 GovernanceintheRegulatoryState 63 4 TheEuropeanRegulatoryState 93 5 TransnationalRegulatoryGovernance 123 Part II The Different Worlds of the Regulatory State: Policy Domains in the UK 6 HigherEducation:TheAmbiguousRegulatoryState 151 7 Healthcare:TheInsuringRegulatoryState 167 8 AccountancyandLaw:ThePrivateRegulatoryState 188 9 Conclusion 208 Bibliography 214 Index 223 vii Acknowledgements I am very grateful to Mick Moran for his advice and inspiration for thisbook. I am also indebted to Bridget Hutter and her colleagues at the ESRC CentrefortheAnalysisofRiskandRegulation(CARR)attheLSEforthe stimulationprovidedbytheworkandseminarsoftheCentre.Aversion ofChapter6appearedfirstasaseminarpresentationatCARRandwas followedupbyitbeingturnedintoaCARRDiscussionPaper.Iamvery gratefulforthehelpandstimulationprovidedinboththeseminarand thepreparationofthesubsequentDiscussionPaper. IamalsogratefulforthesupportofJohnBrennan,RuthWilliamsand colleaguesattheCentreforHigherEducationResearchandInformation (CHERI)atTheOpenUniversitywhereIhavebeenaVisitingProfessor since2003. ElementsofChapter6ontheHigherEducationRegulatoryStatehave beendrawnfromtwojournalarticlesparticularlythatarereferencedas King(2007)andKingetal.(2007),andIamgratefultoHigherEducation and the Oxford Review of Education for allowing an early ventilation of someoftheideasandfindingsusedinChapter6. viii Preface The world appears gripped by rapid change. New information techno- logies are speeding up levels of communication around the globe and supplying increasing variety in delivery methods, such as the Internet, mobiletelephonyandinteractivedigitaltelevision.Moreover,personal websites and individual ‘blogs’ are freeing content and opinion from the gatekeeping editorializing of the more conventional media, such as print newspapers and publicly-licensed broadcasters. Expression in cyberspaceisincreasinglyopen,accessibleandchaotic,andlessandless channelled through commonly recognized authorities and established intermediaries, such as trained journalists or mainstream publishers. New business models utilizing the Web, such as those associated with eBayorAmazon,arealsopredicatedonbringingindividualpurchasers and suppliers into direct correspondence with as little organizational intermediationasispossible. ThomasFriedmann(2006)suggeststhat,sincearoundtheyear2000, weareundergoingaglobalizingrevolutionbasedona‘flatworld’tech- nological platform, which is characterized by a convergence of the personal computer, fibre optic cable and a fast-developing work flow software. This enables business processes to be disaggregated, distrib- uted worldwide to the most efficient and effective locations, and then to be reintegrated back at the corporate centre. Multi national corpor- ations locate their business operations worldwide to best commercial effect and do not feel especially constrained to combine the separate commercialfunctionsoftheirorganizationswithinaparticularnational jurisdiction. This ‘flattening’ of the globe enables intellectual work to be delivered from anywhere, thus empowering more diverse and non-Western individuals than occurred in previous globalizations. Old command-and-controlhierarchiesarebeingobliteratedfrombelowand beingturnedintohorizontalandcollaborativearrangements,reinforced bythegrowthofuploadingandthedigitizationofallimportantformsof expression. Top-down, hierarchical and institutionalized downloading topassiverecipientsisrapidlygivingwaytothepowerofindividualsand groups(bothgoodcitizensandterrorists)toproduceanddistributeglob- allytheirownideasandproductsinawaywhichisreshapingtraditional formsofmobilization,innovationandinformationdissemination. ix
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