The Premixing Method: Principle, Design and Construction

154 Pages·2003·22.645 MB·\154

by  Coastal Development Institute Tokyo (Editor)

THE PREMIXING METHOD
Principle, Design and Construction
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
The Premixing
Method
Principle, Design and Construction

Edited by
COASTAL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY (CDIT), Tokyo, Japan

A.A. BALKEMA PUBLISHERS / LISSE / ABINGDON / EXTON (PA) / TOKYO
CRC Press
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Contents
·············································································································
Preface
ll
V
List of Committee Members············· ..............................................................
IX
List of Technical Terms··················································.................................
l
X
Chapter 1 Outline of the Premixing Method ..· ·············································
1.1 Introduction·····················································································
1.2 Development ofthe premixing method··································· ..· · ..· 2
1.3 Stabilization mechanism and hardening agents .............................. 4
Chapter 2 Factors Influencing the Increase in Strength ............................... 9
2.1 Introduction··········································........................................... 9
...... ...............
2.2 Type of stabilizer and percentage of stabilizer added 9
2.3 Curing temperature and age ............................................................ 10
2.4 Type of soil treated ..· ·············································.......................... 12
Chapter 3 Engineering Properties of Treated Soil········································ 15
3 .1 Introduction····················································································· 15
3.2 Mechanical properties·············· ....................................................... 16
3.3 Effects of liquefaction measures ..................................................... 28
3.4 Earth pressure reduction effects ..· ··················································· 30
Chapter 4 Execution Examples .................................................................... 35
4.1 Execution table ............................................................................... 35
·········
4.2 Artificial island on the kisarazu side ofthe Tokyo by aqualine 36
4.3 NiigataAirport··········································...................................... 41
.........
4.4 New East Harbor in the Port ofIshikari ( 7.5 m Quaywall) 47
-
4.5 Rokko Island in the Port of Kobe ( 10 m Quaywall) .................... 52
-
4.6 Port of Kobe, Rokko Island (Ferry Quaywall (RF-3)) ..· ················· 56
4.7 Ground survey results ..................................................................... 61
Premixing Method -Principle, Design and Construction
VI
Chapter 5 Design Method 67
.. ···············································............................
5.1 Basic concepts· .......... 67
· ................................................................· ....
5.2 Design to reduce earth pressure ...................................................... 69
5.2.1 External forces· ............................................ 69
·............................
5.2.2 Setting the strength of the treated soil...................................... 71
5.2.3 Earth pressure ........................................................................... 73
5.2.4 Improvement range 81
.... · .............................................. · .............. ·
5.3 Design for liquefaction prevention........................................................ 88
5.3.1 External forces· ............................................ 88
·............................
5.3.2 Setting the strength of the treated soil...................................... 88
5.3.3 Improvement range 89
.... · .............................................. · .............. ·
5.3.4 Circular slip analysis ................................................................ 90
5.4 Mix proportion design .................................................................. 92
·..
5.5 Laboratory mix proportion test ....................................................... 94
5.6 Mix proportion at job site................................................................ 96
5.7 Examples of Design........................................................................ 101
5.7.1 Design where the ground behind the treated ground
does not have a possibility ofliquefaction ............................... 101
5.7.2 Design where the ground behind the treated ground
has a possibility ofliquefaction .... ............................................ 109
5.7.3 The relationship between the slip safety factor and the
inclination at the back surface of the treated ground
(when the area behind the treated ground has a possibility
of liquefaction). ........................................................................ 112
Chapter 6 Installation Method and Inspection in Construction Work .......... 115
6.1 Installation work and facility .......... ................................................ 115
6.1.1 Categories of installation methods ........................................... 115
6.1.2 Mixing work ............................................................................. 116
6.1.3 Mixing sites .............................................................................. 118
6.1.4 Reclamation method ................................................................. 119
6.2 Inspection in construction work ...................................................... 121
6.2.1 Inspection of quality .............................................................. ·.. 121
6.2.2 Inspection of water quality ...................................................... · 123
6.2.3 Inspection of water temperature ............................................... 138
6.2.4 Inspection of quality of treated soil/fill .................................... 138
6.3 Preliminary field test before construction ....................................... 139
Preface
The liquefaction of soil deposits may seriously affect the structures built on those
deposits, and so a critical part of the design of structures is an assessment of the
likelihood of liquefaction. If the assessment reveals that liquefaction could occur,
countermeasures are usually applied to the deposits.
The premix method described in this manual, in which soil used for
reclamation is first treated by adding a small amount of cement, was developed to
prevent liquefaction. The treated soil will acquire cohesive strength due to the
chemical reaction of the cement in the water and change to a non-liquetying
material. The premix method thus reduces the whole construction period, because
the countermeasure work is conducted together with the reclamation process. The
method has additional merits including enhancement of bearing capacity and
reduction of earth pressure due to the increase in cohesion.
The premix method was developed from 1985 and was used for the first time
for the Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line project in 1990. Since then, it has been used in
several projects such as the restoration following the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu
Earthquake disaster. In 1998, the Coastal Development Institute of Technology in
Japan published technical guidelines for the premix method based on these two
case examples for Japanese engineers.
This manual is the English version of those guidelines. I hope that it will serve
as a useful reference for engineers involved in geotechnical problems around the
world.
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
List of Committee Members
Yamazaki,Hiroyuki Port and Airport Research Institute
Katsuumi, Tsutomu Coastal Development Institute of Technology
Satou,Shigeki Coastal Development Institute of Technology
Fujiwara,Toshimitsu Premixing Method Association
Miura,Hitoshi Premixing Method Association
Ninomiya,Koji Premixing Method Association
Toriihara,Makoto Premixing Method Association
Yoshida, Takaaki Premixing Method Association