The Precambrian Geology of Lithuania: An Integratory Study of the Platform Basement Structure and Evolution

207 Pages·2022·22.707 MB·English

by  Gediminas Motuza

Regional Geology Reviews
Gediminas Motuza
The Precambrian
Geology
of Lithuania
An Integratory Study of the Platform
Basement Structure and Evolution
Regional Geology Reviews
Series Editors
Roland Oberhänsli, Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Potsdam,
Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
Francois Roure, Geology-Geochemistry-Geophysics Department, French Petroleum Institute,
Rueil Malmaison Cedex, France
Dirk Frei, Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville,
South Africa
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Geotourism (Geoparks etc), Geo-environmental/ecological concerns,etc.
More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/8643
Gediminas Motuza
The Precambrian Geology
of Lithuania
An Integratory Study of the Platform
Basement Structure and Evolution
123
Gediminas Motuza
Institute of Geosciences
Vilnius University
Vilnius,Lithuania
ISSN 2364-6438 ISSN 2364-6446 (electronic)
RegionalGeology Reviews
ISBN978-3-030-96854-0 ISBN978-3-030-96855-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96855-7
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To my field-friends Kalle Suuroja, Klaas Bouke Zwaan, Rognvald Boyd,
Sergey Bushmin, and Saulius Šliaupa, who shared with me the campfire,
tent, and mosquitos on geological roots in the Siberian taiga, the Norwegian
mountains, the Mozambique savanna, and the Afghanistan deserts.
Acknowledgments
TheauthoracknowledgesthedevotedworkofJuozasStančikas,DanieliusStepnėnas,Sergiej
Marfin and other field geologists, geophysicists, and drillers in the acquisition of drill cores
and other factual material, which have been invaluable for subsequent geological research.
Particular thanks for understanding, support and patience to Virginija and all my family.
vii
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Research History and the Sources of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.1 Drilling for General Geological Investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.2 Drilling for Geological Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.3 Drilling for Hydrogeological Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.4 Drilling for Oil Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.5 Drilling for the Exploration of Metal Ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.6 Drilling for Other Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Exploration of the Potential Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Seismic Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Magnetotelluric Investigations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Scientific Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6 Geochronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.7 Exploration of Mineral Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.8 Impact Craters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.9 A General Methodology of this Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 The Structural Subdivision of the Crust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4 Supracrustal Rocks of the Lithuanian-Belarus Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2 Felsic Paragneisses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.1 Petrographic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.2 Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3 Basic Metavolcanic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.1 Petrological Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.2 Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.4 Felsic Metavolcanic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.4.1 The Admixture of Pyroclastic Material in Psammites. . . . . . . . . . 36
4.4.2 Metavolcanic Rocks in the Varėna Iron Ore Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.4.3 Metavolcanic Rocks in the Lazdijai Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.5 Carbonate Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.6 Metamorphism in the LBB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.7 The Age of the Supracrustal Rocks of the LBB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.8 Supracrustal Rocks of the Zarasai Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.9 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
ix
x Contents
5 Felsic Metavolcanic Rocks of the Sūduva Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.1 Petrological Characteristic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2 Geochemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.3 The Age of the Sūduva Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6 Supracrustal Rocks of the West Lithuanian Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.1 Petrological Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.1.1 Metagreywacke (Ca-rich Gneisses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.1.2 Metapelite (Al-Rich Gneisses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.1.3 Metaarkose (Si-Rich Gneisses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.2 Geochemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.3 Basic Supracrustal Rocks in the WLD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.4 The Correlation of Supracrustals in the WLD and Västervik Area. . . . . . . 79
6.5 The Age and Stratigraphy of the WLD Supracrustals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.6 Comparison of Supracrustal Sequences in the WLD and the LBB. . . . . . . 82
6.7 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7 Synorogenic Intrusive Magmatism in the LBB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.1 Migmatites and Synorogenic Granitic Intrusions in the LBB. . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.2 The Age of Synorogenic Granite in the LBB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.3 The Randamonys Suite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.4 Plutonic Synorogenic Magmatism in the Zarasai Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8 The Varėna Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.1 General Characteristic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.2 Petrological Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8.3 Metasomatic Alteration of the Varėna Suite and Host Rocks . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.4 Dolomite Rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8.5 The Shape of the Bodies of the Varėna Suite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
8.6 Discussion on the Genesis of the Varėna Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
8.7 The Age of the Varėna Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
8.8 Economic Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.9 Other Occurrences of Ultramafic Intrusive Rocks in the LBB . . . . . . . . . . 108
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9 Synorogenic Plutonic Magmatism in the WLD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.1 Migmatites and Anatectic Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.2 The Kuršiai Suite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
9.2.1 General characteristic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
9.2.2 The Petrological Characteristics of the Charnockitic Rocks . . . . . 115
9.2.3 The Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
9.2.4 Granitic Rocks of the Kuršiai Suite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
9.2.5 Basic Enclaves in the Kuršiai Batholith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9.2.6 The Age of the Kuršiai Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
9.2.7 Correlation of the Kuršiai and Askersund Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
9.3 Basic Intrusive Rocks in the WLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Contents xi
10 Postorogenic Intrusive Magmatism in the LBB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
10.1 AMCG-Type Magmatism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
10.1.1 Petrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
10.1.2 Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.1.3 Chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
10.1.4 Metallogenic Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
10.2 Minor Intrusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
10.2.1 Glassy Veins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
10.2.2 Carbonate Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
11 Post-orogenic Intrusive Magmatism in the WLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
11.1 Initial Stages of Post-Orogenic Magmatism in the WLD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
11.2 The Žemaičių Naumiestis Suite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
11.2.1 The Petrological Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
11.2.2 The Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
11.2.3 Chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
11.3 Latest Manifestations of Magmatism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
11.3.1 Basalt veins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
11.3.2 Carboniferous and Permian Magmatism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
12 Fault Tectonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
12.1 General Paterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
12.2 Principal Shear Zones and Fault Systems in the WLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
12.2.1 General Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
12.2.2 Petrological Characteristics of Fault Rocks in the TSZ. . . . . . . . . 167
12.2.3 The Age of the TSZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
12.3 Principal Shear Zones and Fault Systems in the LBB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
12.4 Fault Tectonics in the Zarasai Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
13 Tectonic Structure of the Crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
13.1 The Deep Structure of the WLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
13.2 The Deep Structure of the LBB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
13.3 The Structure of the MLSZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
14 Chronology of the Precambrian Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
14.1 General Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
14.2 Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
14.3 The History of Magmatism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
14.4 The Stages of Metamorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
15 Formation and Evolution of the Crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
15.1 Main Processes of the Formation of the Crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
15.2 The Regional Tectonic Context of the Precambrian Basement of
Lithuania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
15.3 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202